APPLIED ECONOMICS

Prepared by:
HYDIE LYN D. PACQUIAO
Business Environment
It includes all internal and external factors that affect the
company’s performance and functions. It includes employees,
customers, management, supply and demand, business
regulations, and competition.
Environmental scanning
= is a process used by organizations to monitor their external and internal
environments. The purpose of the scan is to identify the opportunities and
threats affecting the business. As a part of the environmental scanning process,
the organization collects the information regarding its environment and
analyzes the impact of changes in the market.
Environmental Analysis
=is a strategic tool in assessing the level of threats or opportunities that
might affect the business. This eventually helps the management team to
make better decisions.
Internal Environment

The internal environment of the organization consists of factors that are

controllable by the management. It consists of various elements like the value
system, mission/vision/goals/objectives of the organization, structure, culture,
quality of employees, labor unions, technological capabilities, etc. These
elements lie within the organization and any changes to them can affect the
overall success of the
business.
External Environment
=There are two elements in the external
environment: micro and macro. These
environmental factors are beyond the
control of the business but they still
minimize the impact if the business has an
effective strategic plan.
External Environment
Micro Environment Factors

1. Suppliers

= can control the success of the business when they hold power. The supplier holds the
power when they are the only or the largest supplier of the goods in the market.
2. Resellers
=Market intermediaries, middleman, or resellers have a great contribution to the
delivery of products to the ultimate consumers. For example, if the reseller has
a reputable name then this reputation can be leveraged in marketing the product.
3. Customers
=A customer is an individual or business that
purchases goods or services. Customers are important
because they drive revenues. Without them,
businesses have nothing to offer. Most public-facing
businesses compete with other companies to attract
customers, either by aggressively advertising their
products or by lowering prices to expand their
customer bases.

4. Competition
=Those who sell the same or similar products and
services as your organization is called competitors.
The presence of one or more competitors can reduce
the prices of goods and services as the companies
attempt to gain a larger market share.
 Macro Environment Factors

1. Political factors
= These are about how and to what degree a government intervenes in the economy. It includes
government policy, political stability or instability in overseas markets, foreign trade policy, tax policy,
labor law, environmental law, and trade restrictions.

2. Economic factors
= Economic factors have a significant impact on how an organization does business and also how it is profitable.
These factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation, disposable income of consumers
and businesses.

3. Social Factors
= These include the shared belief and attitudes of the population. These factors are population growth,
age distribution, health consciousness, career, attitudes an so on.
4. Technological Factors
= Technological factors affect the management and marketing in three ways: new ways of producing
goods and services, new ways of distributing goods and services, and new ways of communicating
with target markets.

5. Environmental Factors
=These factors have become important due to the increasing scarcity of raw materials, pollution
targets, doing business as an ethical and sustainable company.

6. Legal Factors
= It includes health and safety, equal opportunities, advertising standards, consumer rights and
laws, product labeling, and product safety. It is clear that companies need to know what is and what
is not legal in order to trade successfully.
SWOT Analysis
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is a framework
used to evaluate a company's competitive position and to develop strategic
planning. SWOT analysis assesses internal and external factors, as well as current
and future potential (Grant, 2020).

A SWOT analysis is designed to facilitate a realistic, fact-based, data-driven look at

the strengths and weaknesses of an organization or an industry. The organization
needs to keep the accuracy of the analysis by avoiding pre-conceived beliefs or gray
areas and instead focusing on real-life contexts. Companies should
use it as a guide and not necessarily as a prescription.

SWOT analysis is a technique for assessing the performance, competition, risk, and
potential of a business, as well as part of a business such as a product line or division,
an industry, or other entity.
Internal Factors: Strengths (S) and Weaknesses (W)
These are the resources and experiences readily available to
the business proponents. These factors include:
1. financial resources such as money and source of funds
for investment;
2. physical resources such as the company’s location,
facilities, machinery, and equipment;
3. human resources consisting of employees;
4. access to natural resources, trademarks, patents, and
copyrights; and
5. current processes, such as employee programs, sales,
and distribution capabilities, marketing programs, etc.
STRENGTHS describe what an organization excels at and what
separates it from the competition: a strong brand, loyal customer
base, a strong balance sheet, unique technology, and more.

WEAKNESSES stop an organization from performing at its

optimum level. There are areas where the business needs to
improve: lack of raw materials, personnel attitude, poor location,
and lack of budget for product promotion, among others.
External Factors: Opportunities (O) and Threats (T)

These are factors that affect a company, an organization, an

individual, and those outside their control. These factors
include:
1. economic trends such as stock market, economic
performance, and the like;
2. market trends such as new products or technology, changes
in tastes and lifestyle of society;
3. national and local laws and regulations;
4. relationship with suppliers; and
5. competitive threats.
Opportunities refer to favorable external factors that could
give an organization a competitive advantage. Examples include
larger market, company expansion, and new customer trends,
among others.

Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm an

organization. For example, changes in government policy,
changes in consumer tastes and preferences, inflation, and
recession, among others.
Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
The five forces model was originally developed by Michael E.
Porter of Harvard Business School. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis is a
framework or a guide for assessing and evaluating the competitive
strength and position of a business organization. Porter’s theory
identifies the five forces that determine the competitiveness and
attractiveness of a market and which seek to locate the power in a
business situation, its current competitive position, and the
strength of a position that an organization may enter into.