Molecular evidence

Definition
This is evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from base sequence of a gene or
corresponding amino acid.

Over the years, mutation accumulate within any given segment on DNA.

The number of differences when comparing DNA base sequence determine the degree of divergence, hence
the more similar the base sequence between two species are the more they are related.

When comparing sequences scientist use Non-coding DNA or gene sequence because it produces the best
means of comparison.
Molecular homology
A number of molecules techniques can be used to determine relatedness between species.

- Chromosomal banding pattern

- Chromosomal painting
- DNA hybridisation
- protein sequence
- mt DNA
- Molecular
Various techniques
Chromosomal banding pattern:
It refers to alternating light and dark regions along the length of a chromosomes produced after staining with
dye
 Chromosomal painting
This is a technique fluorescence in Situ hybridization which offers powerful method for detection of specific chromosome
region or entire chromosome.
DNA Hybridization
Involves hybridizing the DNA from two different species based on
complementary base pairing.
Protein sequence
It is a very complex process, whose roles are ultimately determined by necessity
of living organisms to adapt to changes in the environment.
Diagram to illustrate DNA hybridization and protein sequences
 mt DNA
it is the proper tool for the determination of the origin of population due to its high
evolutionary importance
Molecular clock
It states that DNA and protein sequence evolve at a rate that is relatively constant overtime and among organisms.