Inverse squares law

Survey meter
Survey meters
Pocket dosimeter
Pocket dosimeter
Audible alarm meter
Film badge
Film badge
Thermoluminescent Dosimeter
• Production of x-rays
Uses of Radioactivity /Radiation
• Radio activity tracers are used in medical field
and also in study of plants and animals
• Radiation is used and produced in nuclear
reactors, which controls fission reactions to
produce energy and new substances from the
fission products
• Radiation is used by nondestructive testing to
inspect materials and make measurements
• Inverse square law
Where:

= Intensity 1 at D1
I1

I2 = Intensity 2 at D2

D1 = Distance 1meter from

source

D2 = Distance 2 meter from

source
• Burn through
Cluster Porosity
cracks
Excess reinforcement
External undercut
Inadequate reinforcement
Internal Undercut
Interpass cold lap
Lack of Penetration
Lack of fusion
Off set
Oxide Inclusion
Porosity
Slag Inclusion
Suckback
Tungusten inclusion
• Radiographic Density
X-Ray Chart
scattering
Undercut
Photo electric effect
Compton scattering
Pair Production
Becquerel
Penetrameters
 Placement of Penetrameter

                                                                                                                                              
1. The Electrostatic Generator
2. The Cyclotron
3.The Betatron
4.The Linear Accelerator
 Radioisotope Half-life

BPolonium-215 0.0018 seconds

ismuth-212 60.5 seconds

Sodium-24 15 hours

Iodine-131 8.07 days

Cobalt-60 5.26 years

Radium-226 1600 years

Uranium-238 4.5 billion years

 Film Density
Log(I0/It)

Transmittance
(I0/It) Percent Transmittance

1.0 100% 0
0.1 10% 1
0.01 1% 2
0.001 0.1% 3
0.0001 0.01% 4
0.00001 0.001% 5
0.000001 0.0001% 6
0.0000001 0.00001% 7
Generation of X- Rays
RT Formulas