DEFINITION

• Acute renal failure occurs when kidney suddenly

become unable to filter waste products from blood.
• When kidney lost their filtering capacity
• It results in accumulation of nitrogenous waste and
fluid, electrolyte imbalance etc

• It occur rapidly few hr to few days

ETIOLOGY

1. Impaired blood flow to the kidney

2. Damage to kidney

3. Urine blockage in kidney

Pathogenesis 1. Impaired blood flow to the kidney
2. Damage to kidney
3. Urine blockage in kidney
Obstructive (factors
Prerenal failure causing opposes to
(reversible form) kidney function)
Intrinsic renal
renal failure
failure(occurs when
Restoration of renal direct damage to the
flow and glomerular kidneys causes a
filtration pressure sudden loss in kidney
function.)
Increase tubular pressure
which decrease the filtration

Disease of kidney
itself

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

SYMPTOMS

Nocturia is a condition in which you wake up during the night because you have to
urinate. 
DIAGNOSIS

• Urine output measurement

• Blood examination
• Imaging test
• Biopsy
TREATMENT

NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL:
1. Lack of fluid in blood, stress free , medication , exercise

PHARMACOLOGICAL :
2. Medication to control blood potassium EG Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
3. Medication to control blood calcium EG. Calcitonin
4. Dialysis :Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess
fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often
involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned.
5. Kidney Transplant
DEFINITION

• Chronic renal failure is irreversible loss of renal

function due to replacement of function of nephron
with fibrous scar tissue.
• Fibrous SCAR tissue that forms when normal tissue is
destroyed by disease, injury, or surgery
• Level of fluid, electrolytes and waste are build up in
the body
ETIOLOGY

1. Disease cause impaired kidney function and kidney damage

2. Type 2 diabetes

3. High BP

4. Hardening of arteries which can damage blood vessels in

kidney

5. Urinary tract blockage due to infection, stone

6. Excessive medication
Pathogenesis
A normal kidney contain approximatley. 1 million nephron each of
which contributes to the total glomerular filtration rate

In case of renal injury kidney has loss the ability to maintain

GFR

Plasma level of urea and creatinine, uric acid starts increases after
decrease GFR

Increase glomerular capillary pressure damage

system

CRF
SYMPTOMS

Developed slowly
Nocturia
Metabolic acidosis: . In the blood increase the amount of H+ ions
and decrease the bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Sodium and water imbalance
Nausea, vomiting, weakness, sleeping problems, charge in urine
output, decrease mental sharpness
DIAGNOSIS

• Physical examination
• Blood test
• Urine test
TREATMENT

NON- PHARMACOLOGICAL:
1. , limited alcohol intake, tobacco , cigarette
2. Avoid smoking, drink maximum water, restricted intake of high
phosphorus containing food ton reduce elevated phosphorus level

PHARMACOLOGICAL :
3. Correction of sodium and water balance
4. Diuretics : Furosemide 
5. Injection of sodium bicarbonate to compensate sodium and bicarbonate
loss
6. Calcium carbonate given to treat metabolic acidosis
7. Dialysis
8. Kidney Transplant