Data base and system analysis

1- Data base

• Definition
• Evolution
• Difference between Database and spread sheet
• DBMS ( Database Management systems )
 1- Data base ( Definition )

• Organized collection of structured information, or data.

• Stored electronically in a computer system.
• usually controlled by a Database Management System (DBMS).
• the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are referred to as a
database system, often shortened to just database.
• the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and columns in a
series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient.
 1- Data base ( Evolution )

• Flat Files ( 1960s – 1980s)

 stores information in a single file or table
 In a text file, every line contains one record where fields either have fixed length or they are
separated by commas, whitespaces, tabs or any other character
 there is no structural relationship among the records
• Hierarchical database (1970s – 1990s)
 contains data in a hierarchically-arranged data
 it can be visualized as a family tree where there is a parent and a child relationship.
 Each parent can have many children but one child can only have one parent
• Network database (1970s – 1990s)
 The inventor is Charles Bachmann
 allows multiple parent and child relationships
 relationship is referred to as a set
 Each set comprises of two types of records, an owner record which is same as parent type in
hierarchical and a member record which is similar to the child type record in hierarchical database
model.
• Relational database (1980s – present)
• Object-oriented database (1990s – present)
• Object-relational database (1990s – present)
 1- Data base ( Evolution )

• Relational database (1980s – present)

 the birth of this model was huge step ahead.
 It allows the entities to be related through a common attribute.
 in order to relate two tables (entities), they simply need to have a common attribute
 In the tables there are primary keys and alternative keys. Primary keys form a relation with the
alternative keys. This property makes this model extremely flexible.
 The accessing of data is also very efficient. The user only has to enter a query, and the application
provides the user with the asked information
 Relational databases are established using a computer language, Structured Query Language (SQL).
This language forms the basis of all the database applications available today, from Access to Oracle.

Implementation of Relational Database:

 Oracle
 Microsoft
 IBM
 My SQL
 SQLite
 1- Data base (Difference between Database and spread sheet)

• Databases and spreadsheets (such as Microsoft Excel) are both convenient ways to store information. The
primary differences between the two are:
 How the data is stored and manipulated
 Who can access the data
 How much data can be stored

Spreadsheets :
• were originally designed for one user, and their characteristics reflect that
• They’re great for a single user or small number of users
• don’t need to do a lot of incredibly complicated data manipulation

Databases :
• designed to hold much larger collections of organized information—massive amounts, sometimes.
• allow multiple users at the same time
• quickly and securely access and query the data using highly complex logic and language.
 1- Data base (Database Management System -DBMS)

• Database software is used to create, edit, and maintain database files and records, enabling easier file and
record creation, data entry, data editing, updating, and reporting.
• Database software is sometimes also referred to as a “database management system” (DBMS).
• DBMS typically has a graphical interface to help create and manage the data and, in some cases, users
can construct their own databases.
• A DBMS also facilitates oversight and control of databases, enabling a variety of administrative operations
such as performance monitoring, tuning, and backup and recovery
• Some examples of popular database software or DBMSs include:
 MySQL
 Microsoft Access
 Microsoft SQL Server
 FileMaker Pro
 Oracle Database
 DBASE.