Chapter 7-1

Database: Well-designed, organized, and carefully managed collection of data.

Database management system (DBMS): Consists of a group of programs used to access and
manage a database as well as provide an interface between the database and its users.

➢ A database, a DBMS, and the application programs that use the data make up a database
environment.
➢ User will generate a question (query) and DBMS will search the dB to find the answer, which will
be returned to user.
➢ DBMS provide tools to create, edit, process, and modify data and also to program the database.
Types of database:
▪ Centralized database
▪ Distributed database
▪ NoSQL database
▪ Cloud database
▪ Relational database
▪ Network database
▪ Object-oriented database
▪ Hierarchical database
Personal Database
• Data is collected and stored on personal computers which is small and easily manageable.
• Data is used by the same department of an organization and accessed by a small group of people.
Centralized Database
• Data is stored at a centralized location and the users from different locations can access this data.
• This type of database contains application procedures that help the users access the data even from a remote
location.
Distributed Database
• Data located in different sites either on the same network or on entirely different networks.
• Portions of the database are stored in multiple physical locations and processing is distributed among multiple
database nodes.
Relational databases
• A type of databases that stores and provides access to data points that are related to one another.
• It is based on the relational model of representing data in tables.
NoSQL database (not only SQL)
• It is a non-tabular database that store data differently than relational tables.
• NoSQL databases come in a variety of types based on their data model.
 • The main types are document, key, value, wide-column, and graph.
• They provide flexible schemas and scale easily with large amounts of data.
Cloud database
• A cloud database is a database that typically runs on a cloud computing platform and access to the database is
provided as-a-service.
• There are two common deployment models:
▪ Users can run databases on the cloud independently, using a virtual machine image.
▪ Users can purchase access to a database service, maintained by a cloud database provider.

➢ Data is generally organized in a hierarchy that begins with the smallest piece of data (bit), progressing up
through the hierarchy to a database.

Field: A name, a number, or a combination of characters that describes an aspect of an object

Record: Collection of data fields all related to one object, activity, or individual.
File: collection of related records.
➢ Bit Byte Field Record File Database
Entity: Person, place, or object for which data is collected, stored. EX: employees, products, and customers.
Attribute: It is a characteristic of an entity. EX: employee number, last name, first name.
Data item: Value of an attribute. Found in the fields of the record describing an entity.
Data key: A field within a record that is used to identify the record.
Primary key: A field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record. No other record can have the
same primary key.
Data model: Diagram of entities and their relationships. EX: Entity-Relationship Model, Relational Model.
Enterprise data model: Analyzing the data and information needs of an entire organization and
provides a roadmap for building database and information systems by creating a single definition and
format for data.
An entity-relationship (ER) diagram: A data model that uses basic graphical symbols to show
the organization of data and relationships between it.
Chen notation
▪ Entity:
▪ Attribute:
▪ Relationship:

Crow’s notation
Relationships between entities:
• One to one: single instance of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity.

• One to many: single instance of an entity is associated with more than one instances of another entity.

• Many to One: more than one instances of an entity is associated with a single instance of another entity.

• Many to Many: more than one instances of an entity is associated with more than one instances of
another entity.
Relational Database model: Simple but highly useful way to organize data into collections of
two-dimensional tables called relations.
➢ Each row in the table represents an entity, and each column represents an attribute of that entity.
➢ Each attribute can be constrained to a range of allowable values called its domain. For instance, the
domain for an attribute such as age of an employee could be limited numbers only. If someone tried to enter
characters, the data would not be accepted.
➢ Tables share at least one common attribute.
➢ For each table, one of the fields is identified as a primary key.
➢ No other record can have the same primary key.
➢ primary key is used to distinguish records so that they can be accessed, organized, and
manipulated.

FOREIGN KEY: Key used to link two tables together. It is field in one table that refers to the PRIMARY
KEY in another table.

Properties of a Table
▪ Distinct name
▪ No duplicate rows.
▪ Entries from columns are from the same domain based on their data type.
▪ Operations combining different data types are disallowed.
▪ Attribute values must be atomic (indivisible). EX: value of an attribute can be an account number, but
cannot be a set of account numbers
▪ The sequence of columns is insignificant.
▪ The sequence of rows is insignificant.

Data cleansing (data cleaning or data scrubbing): Process of detecting, correcting or deleting
incomplete, inaccurate, or irrelevant records that reside in a database to improve quality of data.
➢ Data cleansing is different from data validation, which involves the identification of “bad data”
and its rejection at the time of data entry.