Engine

Management
Layout

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine System layout
Management
Layout
The engine control
system includes:
 SENSORS for the  ACTUATORS which
detection of the engine have the task to actuate
operating modes the defined commands

Sensors Actuators

 ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT(ECU) which

elaborates the signal values supplied by the sensor,
according to defined control strategies and algorithms,
and defines the actions to be delivered to the actuators

ECU
Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout
Sensors

What is a sensor?

 Sensors are transducers that change physical quantity in to

electrical quantity

They are of two types:

 Active (self generating)
 Knock sensor
 O2 sensor

 Passive (modulators)
 Throttle Position Sensor
 MAF Sensor

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout

ECU
What is an Electronic Control Unit (ECU)?
 An ECU is an electronic device that stores and processes data. It
relies on semiconductors and is a group of integrated circuits (IC).

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout

ECU
How an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) work?
 There are four basic functions of an ECU:
1. Input: A signal sent from an input device. The device can be a sensor
or a switch activated by the driver, technician, or a mechanical part.

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout

ECU
How an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) work?
 There are four basic functions of an ECU:
2. Processing: The ECU uses the input information and compares it to
programmed instruction. This information is processed by logic circuits in
the computer.

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout

ECU
How an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) work?
 There are four basic functions of an ECU:
3. Storage: The program instructions are stored in the computer’s memory.
Some of the input signals are also stored for processing later.

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout

ECU
How an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) work?
 There are four basic functions of an ECU:
4. Output: After the computer has processed the inputs and checked its
programmed instructions, it will issue commands to various output devices.
These output devices may be instrument panel displays or output actuators.
The output of one computer may also be an input to other computers.

Richard E. Ramos
 Engine Management Layout
Actuators

What is an Actuator?

 Actuator A control device that delivers mechanical action in response

to an electrical signal.
 This mechanical action can then be used to open and close valves,
control vacuum to other components, or open and close switches.

 These actuators, which are solenoids, switches, relays, or motors,

physically act on or carry out the command sent by the computer.

Richard E. Ramos
Air Induction System

 The purpose of the air

induction system is to:
 filter,
 meter, and
 measure intake air
flow into the engine.

 The amount of air entering

the engine is a function of
throttle valve opening
angle and engine rpm.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 The air flow meter is used with L-type
EFI for sensing the intake air volume.
 In L-type EFI, this is one of the most important sensors.

 The intake air volume signal is used to calculate the basic

injection duration and basic ignition.

 Types of Air Flow Meter

 Vane/ FLAP Type (VAF)
 Optical Karman Vortex Type (VAF)
 Hot Wire Type (MAF)

 The First two measures intake air amount by volume but hot
wire type measures air mass.
Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Vane/ FLAP Type (VAF) for L – Type EFI

 Construction

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Vane/ FLAP Type (VAF) for L – Type EFI

 Operation

 The principle used here is the measurement of force exerted in the sensor
flap by the air passing through it.

Richard E. Ramos
Air Induction System
 Vane / Flap Type (VAF) for L – Type EFI

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Optical Karman Vortex Type
(VAF) for L – Type EFI

 This type of air flow meter directly senses the intake

air volume optically.
 Compared to the vane type, it is made smaller and
lighter in weight.
 Also reduces inlet
resistance of the intake
air.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Optical Karman Vortex Type
(VAF) for L – Type EFI

 Construction

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Optical Karman Vortex Type
(VAF) for L – Type EFI
 Operation - The sensor operates on the principle of
measuring the vortices created as air flows past a pillar
shaped vortex generator.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Optical Karman Vortex Type
(VAF) for L – Type EFI
 The frequency with which these vortices are created
increases in direct proportion to the amount of air flowing
across the vortex generator.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Optical Karman Vortex Type
(VAF) for L – Type EFI
 Operation - Vortex frequency is detected by a photo-
coupler and converted into a variable frequency digital
signal by the sensor.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Optical Karman Vortex Type
(VAF) for L – Type EFI
 An intake air temperature sensor is also incorporated into
the Karman vortex air flow meter.

Richard E. Ramos
Air Induction System
 Optical Karman Vortex Type for L – Type EFI

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Mass Air Flow Hot Wire
Type for L – Type EFI

MAF – Hot Wire

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Mass Air Flow Hot Wire
Type for L – Type EFI
 Mass flow meters operate according to the hot-wire or hot-
film principle without any moving mechanical part inside the
unit.
 The closed-loop control circuit in the meter’s housing maintains
a constant temperature differential between a fine platinum wire
or thin-film resistor and the passing air stream.
 The current required for heating provides an extremely
precise, albeit nonlinear, index of air-mass flow rate; the ECU
converts the signal into linear form.
 Due to its closed-loop design, this air-mass meter can monitor
flow variations in the millisecond range.
Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Mass Air Flow Hot Wire
Type for L – Type EFI

Hybrid SHF

Hybrid-section
cover
O-ring

Measuring
channel cover

Plug-in sensor
Sensor chip housing

Carrier plate Temperature

sensor

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Mass Air Flow Hot Wire
Type for L – Type EFI
 Operating Principle

 If a heated metal wire (hot wire) is exposed to air flow, its

temperature drops as the heat is removed from the wire.
Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Mass Air Flow Hot Wire
Type for L – Type EFI
 Operating Principle

 When the temperature of the hot wire is considered to be maintained at a

constant value, a certain relationship occurs between the air flow
quantity and the current flow that maintains the constant temperature of
the hot wire. Richard E. Ramos
Air Induction System
 Mass Air Flow Hot Wire Type for L – Type EFI

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Intake Manifold Pressure
Sensor (for D-EFI)
 Construction

Richard E. Ramos
 The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Intake Manifold Pressure
Sensor (for D-EFI)
 This sensor detects the pressure variation of the intake manifold and
converts it to the voltage signal.
 The intake air volume signal is used to calculate the basic injection
duration and basic ignition.
 Intake manifold pressure is a directly related to engine load.
 The ECM needs to know intake manifold pressure to calculate how much
fuel to inject, when to ignite the cylinder, and other functions.
 The MAP sensor is located either directly on the intake manifold or it is
mounted high in the engine compartment and connected to the intake
manifold with vacuum hose.
 The MAP sensor uses a perfect vacuum as a reference pressure.
 The difference in pressure between the vacuum pressure and intake
manifold pressure changes the voltage signal.
 The MAP sensor converts the intake manifold pressure into a voltage
signal (PIM). Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Intake Manifold Pressure
Sensor (for D-EFI)
 Operation
 In the Manifold Absolute
Pressure (MAP) sensor
there is a silicon chip
mounted inside a
reference chamber.

 On one side of the chip is a reference pressure. This reference

pressure is either a perfect vacuum or a calibrated pressure,
depending on the application.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Air Flow Meter

 Intake Manifold Pressure
Sensor (for D-EFI)
 Operation
 On the other side is the
pressure to be measured.
The silicon chip changes
its resistance with the
changes in pressure.
 When the silicon chip flexes with the change in pressure,
the electrical resistance of the chip changes.
 This change in resistance alters the voltage signal. The
ECM interprets the voltage signal as pressure and any
change in the voltage signal means there was a change in
pressure. Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors
 Intake Manifold Pressure Sensor (for D-EFI)

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

 The throttle position signal is
used for fuel cut off control
(during deceleration or braking)
and increasing the fuel volume
during acceleration.

 The TPS is mounted on the

throttle body and converts the
throttle valve angle into an
electrical signal. As the throttle
opens, the signal voltage
increases.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

 The ECM uses throttle valve position
information to know:

 engine mode: idle, part throttle,

wide open throttle.
 switch off AC and emission
controls at Wide Open Throttle
(WOT).
 air-fuel ratio correction.
 power increase correction.
 fuel cut control.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

 Types and Construction

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

 Operation
 The basic TPS requires three wires.
 Five volts are supplied to the TPS from
the VC terminal of the ECM.
 At idle, voltage is approximately 0.6 - 0.9
volts on the signal wire.
 From this voltage, the ECM knows the
throttle plate is closed.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

 Operation
 The basic TPS requires three wires.
 Five volts are supplied to the TPS from
the VC terminal of the ECM.
 At idle, voltage is approximately 0.6 - 0.9
volts on the signal wire.
 From this voltage, the ECM knows the
throttle plate is closed.
 At wide open throttle, signal voltage is
approximately 3.5 - 4.7 volts.
 A ground wire from the TPS to the E2
terminal of the ECM completes the
circuit.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

 Operation
 Inside the TPS is a resistor and a wiper
arm.
 The arm is always contacting the resistor.
At the point of contact, the available
voltage is the signal voltage and this
indicates throttle valve position.
 At idle, the resistance between the VC (or
VCC terminal and VTA terminal is high,
therefore, the available voltage is
approximately 0.6 - 0.9 volts.
 As the contact arm moves closer the VC
terminal (the 5 volt power voltage),
resistance decreases and the voltage
signal increases.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Throttle Position Sensor

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Temperature Sensor
 The ECU changes the operation of
many components and systems based
on temperature.
 Nearly all temperature sensors are negative temperature
coefficient (NTC) thermistors and operate in the same way.
 Their resistance changes
with a change in
temperature. The ECU
supplies a reference
voltage of 5 volts to the
sensor.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Temperature Sensor
 As the sensor warms up, its resistance
drops and so does the voltage signal.
 That voltage is changed by the change of the resistor’s
resistance and is fed back through a ground wire to the ECU.
 Based on the return
voltage, the ECU
calculates the exact
temperature. When the
sensor is cold, its
resistance is high, and the
return voltage signal is
also high.
Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor

 The intake air temperature (IAT) sensor
is also called an air charge temperature
sensor.
 The intake air temperature (IAT) sensor is a negative
temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor that decreases in
resistance as the temperature of the sensor increases.
 Meaning its resistance
decreases as the incoming air
temperature increases and
increases as incoming air
temperature decreases.

Richard E. Ramos
 The key sensors

Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor

 The ECU uses the air temperature
information as a correction factor in the
calculation of fuel, spark, and airflow.
 For example, ECU uses this input to help calculate fuel
delivery. Because cold intake air is denser, a richer air-fuel
ratio is required.
 On engines equipped with a
MAP sensor, the IAT is
installed in an intake air
passage.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor

 On other engines, the IAT is normally an integral part of the

mass airflow (MAF) sensor.
 Most control systems compare the inputs from the IAT and the
ECT to determine if the engine is attempting a cold start.

Richard E. Ramos
The key sensors

Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor

 The IAT sensor can be located in one of the following

locations:
 In the air cleaner housing
 In the air duct between the air filter and the throttle
body
 Built into the mass air flow
(MAF) or air flow sensor
 Screwed into the intake
manifold where it senses
the temperature of the air
entering the cylinders

Richard E. Ramos
ANY Question

?
Thank You

Richard E. Ramos