Computer Organization and Architecture

CSEN 2202
Lecture 7 – 8
27/01/2020

Dr. Debranjan Sarkar

Addressing Modes
• The different ways in which the location of an operand is specified in an
instruction are referred to as addressing modes
• Sometimes two or more addressing modes are combined in one mode
• Advantages:
• It gives flexibility to the programmers with respect to the number of
instructions and execution time by providing various addressing modes
• It reduces the length of the instructions and the size of the programs.
Because these two parameters are associated with the capacity of the
memory
Different addressing modes
(Class I : No address field)
• Implied addressing mode
• Operands are indicated implicitly by the instruction
• Accumulator is generally used to hold the operand
• Result is also stored in accumulator
• Examples:
• CMA (Complement accumulator)
• RAL (Rotate accumulator left through carry)
• Immediate addressing mode
• Operand is mentioned explicitly in the instruction
• Instruction contains the value of the operand rather than its address
• To initialize register to a constant value, this mode is useful
• Examples:
• MVI B, 06 (Load B register with the decimal value 6)
• ADI 5 (Add 5 with the content of accumulator and put the result in the accumulator)
Different addressing modes
(Class I : No address field)
• Stack addressing mode
• The instruction does not have any address field
• All operands for an instruction are taken from the top of the stack
• Result is pushed on to the top of the stack
• Stack-organized computers use this addressing mode
• Examples:
• ADD (add using the operands from the top of the stack)
Different addressing modes
(Class II : Address field is register address)
• Register direct addressing mode
• Processor registers hold the operands
• If there are 2k registers in the CPU, k bits are required for each address field
• As registers are faster than memory, faster execution is possible
• Example:
• ADD R1, R2 (Add contents of R1 and R2 and store the result in R1)
• Register indirect addressing mode
• The instruction specifies an address of a register that holds the address of the operand in memory
(show figure)
• Useful for rapid access of the main memory location e.g. array
• Advantage: using small number of bits in the address field of the instruction, a memory location is
accessed, rather than directly using large bits
• Example: MOV R1, *R2 (The content of the memory location whose address is in register R2 is
moved to register R1)
Different addressing modes
(Class II : Address field is register address)
• Auto increment (or decrement) mode
• Similar to Register indirect addressing mode
• Register’s content is incremented after execution of the instruction (auto-
increment)
• Register’s content is decremented before execution of the instruction (auto-
decrement)
• This is necessary for accessing an array of data in memory
• Example: MOV R1, *R2+ (The content of the memory location whose address
is in register R2 is moved to register R1 and then the register R2 is
automatically incremented)
Thank you