DATA MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS
Nursing Informatics
DATA MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
Input

Store

Modify

Process

Access Database
THREE STATES OF DATA
Data at rest- data on storage devices such as a
removable one like a USB thumb drive, a hard
drive, tape, and a cloud server. This is archived
data that rarely change.
THREE STATES OF DATA
Data in motion- data moving between applications
over the network or over the internet. Data in motion
are an increasing concern in health care because
streaming data are now available from sensors,
monitoring devices, mobile devices and so forth.
THREE STATES OF DATA
Data in use- data that a database program is
currently reading or writing, it resides on computers’
temporary memory.
This is most vulnerable state as it becomes open
to access or change by others.
DATA MANAGEMENT
An organized collection of related data.
Database like the White Pages application (app) and electronic library catalogs
are replacing paper database like a phone book or a card catalog.
Store patient medical records in either paper or digital format but more and
more healthcare organizations are converting to digital records.
They use each of these databases to store data and to search for information.
The possibility of finding information on these databases depends on several
factors.
DATA MANAGEMENT
Four of the most important are the following.
1. Data naming (indexing) and organizational schemes.
2. The size and complexity of the databases
3. Type of data within the database
4. The database search methodology.
The systematic approach used to name, organize, and store data in a
database has a major impact on how easy it is to find information in the
database.
TYPES OF DATA
Conceptual Data Types- reflect how users view the data. The source of data
maybe the basis of conceptual data types. Example, the lab produces lab data
and the Xray department produces image data.
Computer-based Data Types- Alphanumeric data includes letters and numbers
in any combination, however you cannot perform numeric calculations on the
numbers in an alphanumeric field. For example, numeric data types include
general number, currency, euro, fixed, standard, percent, and scientific format.
Logic data- are limited to two options. Some example includes YES or NO,
TRUE or FALSE, 1 or 2, and ON or OFF.
DATA BASES
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
DBMs are computer programs that are used to input,
store, modify, process, and access data in a database.
Before you can use DBMs, you must first create the
structure for the database using the data elements
necessary to manage the data specific to the project.
This process of configuring the database software is
called Data Base System Design.
ADVANTAGE OF AUTOMATED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Decreases Data Redundancy.

Data redundancy occurs when one stores the same data in the
database Making a copy of class notes to store the same notes in two
different folders is an example of data redundancy.
Increases Data Consistency.
When the same data are in different manuals or automated
databases, second problem emerges. The data become inconsistent.
Once the data are inconsistent, it can be impossible to know the correct
data. Examples are student information.
ADVANTAGE OF AUTOMATED DATA
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Improve Access To All Data.
An automated database design that uses recognized standards as
well as consistent in put and access to data is imperative to creating
databases necessary for the efficient and effective delivery of quality
health care.
The database management software program used a structured
approach to organize and store data. The same software uses a query
language, making it possible for the computer to do the work for
searching for the data.
STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Fields describe the type of data expected in the related field. Ex. LName
refers to the last name and FName the first name.
Each row represents a record of the data in each of the fields of
database. For example, row 2 might be the record for patient 1
In DBMs there may be several files.
A file is defined a set of related records that have the same data fields.
A database consists of several files.
STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Types of File
a. Processing Files
a. Executable files (exe)
-consisting a computer program or a set of instructions that, when
executed, causes the computer to open or start a specific computer program
or function.
b. Command Files
- set of instructions that perform a set of functions as opposed to running
a whole program.
Eg. AUTOEXEC.BAT
STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Data files - contain data that have been captured and stored
on a computer using a software program. Eg. DOC, TXT
Master Index File - contains the unique identifier and related
indexes for all entities in the database.
Eg. Identification file for all patient records in a health care
system.
STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Data Base Models
Database model is the basis or foundation that determines how one stores,

organizes, and accesses or manipulates the data.

Database system provides access to both the data in the database and to

the interrelationship within and between the various data elements.

STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Three Views/ Or Models Of Data Elements According To The ANSI/SPARC
Model:
Conceptual Model – identifies the entities and the relationships between
those entities. It does not identify the attributes or primary keys or attempt to
call out the major details of the database.

Conceptual Models
One-to-many relationship
STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Three Views/ Or Models Of Data Elements According To The ANSI/SPARC
Model:
Logical models- this represents the abstract structure of a domain of
information. They are often diagrammatic in nature and are most typically
used in business processes that seek to capture things of importance to an
organization and how they relate to one another. 

One-to-one relationship
STRUCTURE-FIELDS, RECORDS
AND FILES
Three Views/ Or Models Of Data Elements
According To The ANSI/SPARC Model:
Physical Data Model- the physical data
model includes each of the data elements
and the relationship between the data
elements, as they will be actually
physically stored on the computer.
FOUR PRIMARY APPROACHES OF
STRUCTURAL OR PHYSICAL DATA
MODELS
Hierarchal Databases – have been
compared to inverted trees. Access to
data starts at the top of the hierarchy or at
the root. It is very effective at representing
one to many relationships; however, they
have some disadvantages. Many data
relationships do not fit the one to many
models.
FOUR PRIMARY APPROACHES OF
STRUCTURAL OR PHYSICAL DATA
MODELS
Network Models - Developed from the
hierarchal model. This represents many-
to-many relationships allowing the
presence of multiple links between data. In
a network model, the child node is not
limited to one parent. This makes it
possible for a network model to represent
many-to-many relationships.
FOUR PRIMARY APPROACHES OF
STRUCTURAL OR PHYSICAL DATA
MODELS
Relational Database Models - This
consists of series of files set up as tables.
Each column represents an attribute and
each row (tuple) is a record. Intersections
(cell) are made between rows and
columns. The datum in the cell is the
manifestation of the attribute and each row
is a record.
DATA WAREHOUSE
 These are smaller collections of data.

 Developed with the historical data of a department or a small

group of departments.

 This can also be developed by exporting a subset of the data

from the data warehouse.

PURPOSE OF DATA WAREHOUSE
1. Spare users from the need to learn more and different applications.

2. This does not require the health care providers to enter different

access points when one entry point is provided to view all the data.

3. Consistency and truthfulness in the data

4. Makes it possible to separate analytical and operational processing.