KINGDOM

ANIMALIA
WHAT IS KINGDOM
ANIMALIA?

The Animalia Kingdom is a diverse group

of organisms that share certain
characteristics. Some members of this
kingdom seem like they would fit in
elsewhere, like sponges or coral. The
Animalia Kingdom is the largest of all
kingdoms with more than one million.
Characteristics
of Kingdom
Animalia
Multicellular, which means that they are made up of more than
one cell. Some members of other kingdoms are just made up of
one cell, like bacteria or amoeba.
Heterotrophic, which means they have to get their own food.
Plants are autotrophic because they make their own food through
photosynthesis. Because they cannot make their own food,
members of the Animalia Kingdom must ingest, or eat, other
organisms.
Eukaryotes: this is the type of cells animals have. Eukaryote cells
are more complex than the simpler prokaryote cells found in
bacteria.
No cell wall: plants, fungi and prokaryote cells have a cell wall,
which is a rigid outer layer that gives cells structure. Animal cells
do not have this structure.
 Several Phyla
of the Kingdom
Animalia
PHYLUM
PORIFERA
Phylum – Porifera
Phylum – Porifera includes organisms with holes.
They are primitive multicellular animals and have cellular level of organisation.
They are non-motile animals attached to some solid support.
The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.
They are commonly called sponges.
They are generally marine and mostly asymmetrical animals.
Sponges have a water transport or canal system.
Water enters through minute pores (ostia) in the body wall into a central
cavity, spongocoel, from where it goes out through the osculum.
This pathway of water transport is helpful in food gathering, respiratory exchange and
removal of waste.
The body is supported by a skeleton made up of spicules or spongin fibres.
Sexes are not separate (hermaphrodite), i.e., eggs and sperms are produced by the same
individual.
Sponges reproduce asexually by fragmentation and sexually by formation of gametes.
Fertilisation is internal and development is indirect having a larval stage which is
morphologically distinct from the adult.
Examples of Porifera : (a) Sycon
(b) Euspongia (c) Spongilla
Examples: Sycon
(Scypha), Spongilla (Fresh
water sponge) and Euspongia
(Bath sponge).
PHYLUM
COELENTERATA
(CNIDARIA)
Phylum – Coelenterata (Cnidaria)
The name cnidaria is derived from the cnidoblasts or
cnidocytes (which contain the stinging capsules or nematocytes)
present on the tentacles and the body.
Cnidoblasts are used for anchorage, defense and for the capture of prey.
Coelenterata (Cnidaria) are aquatic, mostly marine sessile or free-
swimming radially symmetrical
They exhibit tissue level of organization [have more body design
differentiation than sponges].
They have a central gastro-vascular cavity with a single opening.
They are diploblastic.
Some of these species live in colonies (corals).
Some have a solitary [living alone] like–span (hydra).
Some of the cnidarians, e.g., corals have a skeleton composed of
calcium carbonate.
Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms
called polyp and medusa. The former is a sessile and
cylindrical form like Hydra, Adamsia (Sea anemone), etc.
whereas, the latter is umbrella-shaped and free-swimming like
Aurelia or jelly fish.
Those cnidarians which exist in both forms exhibit alternation of
generation (Metagenesis), i.e., polyps produce medusae
asexually and medusae form the polyps sexually (e.g., Obelia).
Jellyfish and sea anemones are common examples.
Digestion is extracellular and intracellular.
Examples: Aurelia (jelly fish), Physalia (Portuguese man-of-
war), Adamsia (Sea anemone), Pennatula (Sea-pen), Gorgonia
(Sea-fan) and Meandrina (Brain coral).
PHYLUM
CTENOPHORA
Phylum – Ctenophora
Ctenophora are commonly known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.
They exclusively marine, radially symmetrical, diploblastic
They exhinit tissue level of organisation.
The body bears eight external rows of ciliated comb plates, which help in
locomotion.
Digestion is both extracellular and intracellular.
Bioluminescence (the property of a living organism to emit light) is well-
marked in ctenophores.
Sexes are not separate and reproduction takes place only by sexual means.
Fertilisation is external [fertilization occurs outside the body] with indirect
development [zygote → larvae → animal].
Examples: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana.
PHYLUM
PLATIHELMINTHES
Phylum – Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes are more complexly designed than the earlier groups.
They are bilaterally symmetrical.
They are triploblastic. This allows outside and inside body linings as well as
some organs to be made. There is thus some degree of tissue formation [organ
level of organisation].
The body is flattened dorsiventrally, meaning from top to bottom, which is why
these animals are called flatworms.
They may be freeliving or parasitic. Hooks and suckers are present in the
parasitic forms.
Some examples are freeliving animals like planarians, or parasitic animals like
Parisites are mostly endoparasites found in animals including human beings.
Some of them absorb nutrients from the host directly through their body
surface.
Acoelomate: There is no true internal body cavity or coelom, in which well
developed organs can be accommodated.
Specialised cells called flame cells help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Sexes are not separate.
Fertilisation is internal and development is indirect.
Some members like Planaria possess high regeneration capacity.
PHYLUM
ASCHELMINTHES
Phylum – Aschelminthes (Nemotoda)
Body in aschelminthes (Nemotoda) is cylindrical [bilaterally symmetrical] rather than
flattened.
They exhibit organ-system level of body organization [there are tissues, but no real
organs].
They are triploblastic. A sort of body cavity or a pseudocoelom, is present.
They are freeliving, aquatic, terrestrial or parasitic in plants and animals.
These are very familiar as parasitic worms causing diseases, such as the worms
causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) or the worms in the intestines (roundworm or
pinworms).
The body is circular in cross-section, hence, the name roundworms.
Alimentary canal is complete.
An excretory tube removes body wastes from the body cavity through the excretory
pore.
Sexes are separate (dioecious), i.e., males and females are distinct.
Often females are longer than males.
Fertilisation is internal and development may be direct (the young ones resemble the
adult) or indirect.
PHYLUM
ANNELIDA
Phylum – Annelida
Annelida are aquatic [marine and fresh water] or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes
parasitic.
Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres [metamerically
segmented] and, hence, the phylum name Annelida (Latin, annulus: little ring).
They exhibit organ-system level of body organization.
They are coelomate [true body cavity]. This allows true organs to be packaged in the body
structure.
They are bilateral symmetric and triploblastic.
They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion.
Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming.
A closed circulatory system is present.
Nephridia (sing. nephridium) help in osmoregulation and excretion.
Neural system consists of paired ganglia (sing. ganglion) connected by lateral nerves to a
double ventral nerve cord.
Nereis, an aquatic form, is dioecious [Sexes are separate], but earthworms and leeches are
monoecious [having both the male and female reproductive organs in the same individual].
Reproduction is sexual.
PHYLUM
ARTHROPODA
Phylum – Arthropoda
Insects, arachnids and crustaceans are members of the largest category of creatures on the
planet: arthropods.
Arthropods have hard, external shells called “exoskeletons,” segmented bodies and jointed legs.
Some familiar examples are prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs and
some
They exhibit organ-system level of organisation.
They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, segmented and coelomate The coelomic cavity is
blood-filled.
The body of arthropods is covered by chitinous The body consists of head, thorax and abdomen.
There is an open circulatory system, and so the blood does not flow in well defined blood
vessels.
Respiratory organs are gills, book gills, book lungs or tracheal system.
Sensory organs like antennae, eyes (compound and simple), statocysts or balance organs are
present.
Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules.
They are mostly dioecious.
Fertilisation is usually internal.
They are mostly oviparous.
Development may be direct or indirect.
Arachnids
Spiders, harvestmen, mites,
ticks and other arachnids are
members of the class
Arachnida.
Crustaceans
Crustaceans make up a
large group of arthropods
that includes animals such
as crabs, lobsters, crayfish
and shrimp. They breathe
with gills and have two pairs
of antennae.
Insects
In general, insects have three-part
bodies, six jointed legs, compound
eyes and two antennae.
Bees, wasps, beetles, mosquitoes,
flies, grasshoppers, ants, butterflies
and moths, and dragonflies and
damselflies are common types of
insects.
PHYLUM
MOLLUSCA
Phylum – Mollusca
Mollusca are the second largest animal phylum. They are terrestrial
or aquatic.
They exhibit organ-system level of organization.
They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate
animals. There is little segmentation.
They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for
excretion. The anterior head region has sensory tentacles.
The mouth contains a file-like rasping organ for feeding,
called radula.
They are usually dioecious and oviparous with indirect development.
Body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a
distinct head, muscular foot and visceral hump. A soft and spongy
layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump.
Examples are octopus, snails and mussels.
PHYLUM
CHORDATA
Phylum – Chordata
Animals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally
characterised by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow
nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.
They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic,
coelomate with organ-system level of organisation.
They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system.
Phylum Chordata is divided into three subphyla: Urochordata or
Tunicata, Cephalochordata and Vertebrata.
Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to
as protochordates and are exclusively marine.
In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while in
Cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail region and is
persistent throughout their life.
INVERTEBRATE
S
Invertebrates are animals that neither possess nor
develop a vertebral column (commonly known as
a backbone or spine), derived from the notochord.
This includes all animals apart from the subphylum 
Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include 
arthropods (insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and 
myriapods), mollusks (chitons, snails, bivalves, squids,
and octopuses), annelids (earthworms and leeches),
and cnidarians (hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones,
and corals).
A.Sponges (Poriferans)
They belong to
Phylum Porifera and mostly
called sponges.
They mostly live in salty sea
water fixed to some object.
Their body is covered with
pores through which food
enters.
One large pore is present at
top of the body.
Example-Sycon,Spongilla.
B.Cnidarians.

They are aquatic animals

having marine habitat.
Body is tube like with
one opening called
mouth.
Mouth is surrounded
by tentacles used for
capturing prey.
They have radially
symmetrical body.
Example-Hydra,
Jellyfish.
C. Platyhelminthes.
(Flatworms)
They can be found in
marine/fresh water.
They have flat,ribbon like
body.
Body is bilaterally symmetrical
Body is having a single
opening.
Most of them are parasites.
Example-Tapeworms,
Liverfluke.
D.Nemathelminthes
(Roundworms)
 Found in fresh/marine water or
on land.
They have thread like ,rounded
body
They have unsegmented body.
Body have two openings mouth
and anus.
Body is bilaterally symmetrical.
Most of them are parasites and
reproduce sexually by laying
eggs.
Example-Pinworm, Ascaris.
E.Annelids (Segmented
worms)

Found in marine and fresh

water.
They have segmented
bilaterally symmetrical
body.
They have a body cavity.
They have special organs
of excretion
called Nephridia
Example-Earthworm ,
Leech.
F.Arthropods (Animals
with jointed legs)
They have segmented
bilaterally symmetrical body
Body is divided into three
regions- Head ,Thorax and
Abdomen.
Body has tough outer
covering called
 exoskeleton
They have jointed
appendages.
Further classified into
three subgroups.
Arachnids
Head and thorax
fused.
Have four pair of legs
.
Wings are absent.
Example -Scorpion,
Spider
Crustaceans
Head and thorax fused
Appendages present on
all segments
Have variable number
of jointrd legs.
Example -
Shrimps,Lobster.
Insects.
Body is divided into head
thorax and abdomen.
Most insects have three
pair of legs,two pair of
wings.
Some insects are wingless.
Example-Ants ,honeybee. 
G   Molluscs (soft
bodied shelled animals)
Animals have soft
unsegmented body with
an external hard shell.
Example-
Squid,snail,octopus .
H. Echinoderms(Spiny-
skinned animals)
They are marine animals
having spines all over the
body.
Body is radially Symmetrical
Body has two openings mouth
and anus.
They have tube like feet
having suckers
Example-Starfish,Sea urchins. 
 
VERTEBRATES
Vertebrates
The five most well known classes
of vertebrates (animals with
backbones) are mammals, birds,
fish, reptiles, amphibians.  They
are all part of the phylum chordata
Mammals
People are mammals.  So
are dogs, cats, horses,
duckbill platypuses,
kangaroos, dolphins and
whales.  What do all these
animals have in common,
you ask?
The answer is – MILK!  If an
animal drinks milk when it is
a baby and has hair on its
body, it belongs to the
mammal class.
Mammals are vertebrate
animals constituting the
class Mammalia, and
characterized by the
presence of mammary
glands which in females
produce milk for feeding
their young, a
neocortex, fur or hair,
and three middle ear
bones. 
Examples of
Mammals
Birds Birds, also known as
Birds are animals that have feathers
and that are born out of hard- Aves, are a group of
shelled eggs. endothermic
Some people think that what makes vertebrates,
an animal a bird is its wings.  Bats characterised by
have wings.  Flies have wings.  Bats
and flies are not birds.  So what feathers, toothless
makes an animal a bird? beaked jaws, the laying
of hard-shelled eggs, a
The answer is feathers! high metabolic rate, a
All birds have feathers and birds are four-chambered heart,
the only animals that do.  The
feathers on a bird’s wings and tail and a strong yet
overlap.  Because they overlap, the lightweight skeleton. 
feathers catch and hold the air. 
This helps the bird to fly, steer itself
and land.
Examples of
Birds
Fish
Fish are vertebrates that
live in water and have gills,
scales and fins on their
body.  There are a lot of
different fish and many of
them look very odd
indeed.  There are blind
fish, fish with noses like
elphants, fish that shoot
down passing bugs with a
stream of water and even
fish that crawl onto land
and hop about!
Fish are gill-bearing
aquatic craniate animals
that lack limbs with digits.
They form a sister group to
the tunicates, together
forming the olfactores.
Included in this definition
are the living hagfish,
lampreys, and
cartilaginous and bony fish
as well as various extinct
related groups. 
Examples
of Fishes
Amphibians
Amphibians are born in the water. 
When they are born, they breath with
gills like a fish.  But when they grow
up, they develop lungs and can live
on land.

Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates

of the class Amphibia. Modern amphibians are all
Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of
habitats, with most species living within
terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater
aquatic ecosystems. 
Examples of
Amphibians
Reptiles
Reptiles are a class of animal with
scaly skin.  They are cold blooded
and are born on land.
Snakes, lizards, crocodiles,
alligators and turtles all belong to
the reptile class.

Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the

class Reptilia, comprising today's
turtles, crocodilians, snakes,
amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and
their extinct relatives. The study of
these traditional reptile orders,
historically combined with that of
modern amphibians, is called
herpetology. 
Examples of
Reptiles
That concludes my
report
THANK YOU!

By: Jeidre L. Pamorca

8 - Einstein