‫ما تيسر من القرءان‬

‫س ْب ًعا مِنَ ا ْل َم َثانِي َوا ْلقُ ْرآنَ ا ْل َعظِ ي َم (‪ )87‬اَل‬ ‫َو َل َقدْ آ َت ْي َنا َك َ‬
‫َت ُمدَّنَّ َع ْي َن ْي َك ِإ َلى َما َم َّت ْع َنا ِب ِه َأ ْز َو ً‬
‫اجا ِم ْن ُه ْم َواَل‬
‫اح َك لِ ْل ُمْؤ ِمنِينَ (‪َ )88‬وقُلْ‬ ‫ِض َج َن َ‬ ‫اخف ْ‬ ‫َت ْح َزنْ َع َل ْي ِه ْم َو ْ‬
‫ِإ ِّني َأ َنا ال َّنذِي ُر ا ْل ُم ِبينُ (‪ )89‬الحجر‬

‫‪Introduction to pharmacology‬‬
‫‪Handout for Lecture 1‬‬
‫‪Updated 2020‬‬
 Topics
• What is pharmacology ?
• Why we study It ?
• What is a drug ?
• Rational use of drugs.
• Drug characteristics ?
– sources, classification, names etc.
SDL
• You should be ABLE TO UNDESTAND THE RUG LEFLET COMMON TERMS SUCH AS
INDICATION , CONTRAINDICATIONS , CAUTION , OVERDOSE
• Prescription type ; OTC , Scheduled drugs
• http://www.aapd.org/media/policies_guidelines/
rs_commonmeds.pdf.
√√√Drugs :
chemical agents that can be used ..to diagnose, treat,
prevent progression or ameliorate symptoms of
illness *
√√√ Clinical Pharmacology:
Deals with use of drugs in clinical practice
Drug profile
Its History, chemical structure, source
Its pharmacodynamics (PD ). ‫لدواء‬66‫عمل ا‬66‫يفي‬6‫ك‬
Its pharmacokinetics (PK) . ‫خرج‬66‫تىي‬6‫ ح‬6‫لجسم‬66‫خل ا‬6‫لدواء دا‬66‫رحلة ا‬
Its clinical indications & contraindications , precautions
Its adverse drug effects (ADE) & management of toxicity.
Other : Available preparations , dose , cost .
Pregnancy category , prescription restriction
 Major Uses for Drugs in clinical practice
• Essential drug list , I think about 400 drugs
Classified according to therapeutic indications
1. ANAESTHETI CS
1.1 General anesthetics
1.2 Local anesthetics
2. ANALGESICS,
2.1 NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY MEDICINES (NSAID)
2.2 Opioids Analgesics
See http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s23527en/s23527en.pdf
 General Principles of Rational Drug Prescribing

• All members of health care team must be responsible for

medication safety and prevention of medication errors
 •General Principles of Rational Drug Prescribing
.

• ‫النصائح الذهبية‬
• 1:      Proper diagnosis
• 2:      Optimal medications
• 3:      Optimal regimen
• 4:      Follow up
• 5:      Plan for alternative , management of ADE
 Concept no 2

Almost ALL DRUGS ARE

POISONS
The only thing that determines if a
drug provides a benefit or kills a
patient is how we administer it ( dose,
route, age ,etc. )
Examples : sodium nitroprusside IV ( drug ) , orally very toxic
1 tablet of acetaminophen ( Panadol ) treatment of headache , 10-12
tablets ( liver failure if not treated )
Examples of adverse drug effects
(ADE )
 Concept 3 : Our Therapeutic
Goal

Optimal pharmacotherapy : i.e.

maximum efficacy & minimal
toxicity ?
i.e. To achieve drug concentrations at the site of
action (target tissue)…that are sufficiently
high enough…to produce the intended effect
without producing adverse drug reactions.

i.e. maximum benefit and minimal toxicity ( hard task but we should do our
best )
 Classification of Drugs
Therapeutic Classification 6‫م‬6‫الستخدا‬66‫سبا‬6‫ح‬
Is based on therapeutic use of certain group of drugs.
• For example:
– Anticoagulants. ‫مضاد ل لتجلط‬
– Antidepressants.‫مضاد ل الكتئاب‬
– Antineoplastics.‫مضاد ل لسرطان‬

Pharmacologic Classification ‫حسبا لية ا لعمل‬

• More specific than therapeutic classification
• Requires understanding of biochemistry and physiology
Don’t wary they are just example
• Based on how the drug produces its effect at molecular, tissue, , you are not requested to
or body-system level
memorize
Ex : Cholinergic agonists { act on the receptors that are activated by
Acetylcholine (Ach )
o direct acting
o indirect acting
− reversible
− irreversible
 Further Classification of drugs
Therapeutic action e.g.: Antibiotics
sub class. in view of Cell - wall inhibitors
Mechanism
Chemistry B-lactam antibiotics
o Pencillins
o Cephalosporins
spectrum Cephalosporin's are classified as
1st , 2nd , 3rd generation
 Some drug characteristics
• Physicochemical characteristics
– Solid ; Liquid & Gaseous drugs
– Hydrophilic , lipophilic
– water solubility ,
– Ionization ,Many drugs are weak acids or bases.
• Drug Size & Mol. Wt.
some are small simple molecules, others complex structures
Most drugs have molecular weights between 100 and 1,000

• Some drugs are chiral ( optically active )

 Nomenclature

• Chemical name
– Acetylsalicylic acid

• √√√Generic or nonproprietary name ( use it in prescription )

– Aspirin

• Trade name (Name brand)

• Acuprin ASA Asaphen       Aspergum , Aspir-Low , Aspirtab
 Classification with regard to prescription
1-OTC ( out of the counter ,) 6‫دون وصفه‬66‫ب‬
2-Prescription drugs‫صرف الب وصفه‬
‫ا‬ ‫ال ت‬
3-Controlled substances (1-V) ‫ جدول‬-‫ادويه مقيدة ا لصرف‬

Substances with high abuse potential and no accepted medical use

I
Drugs with high abuse potential and accepted medical use
II

Drugs with moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use

III

Drugs with low abuse potential and accepted medical use

IV
Drugs with limited abuse potential and accepted medical use
V
 Pregnancy Classifications
• A—No risk demonstrated to the fetus in any
trimester.
• B—No adverse effects in animals—no human studies
• C— animal studies show adverse reactions
Only given after risks to the fetus is considered
D—Definite fetal risks. Only given in life threatening
situations
• X—Absolute fetal abnormalities
 Dosage Forms, routes , calculation of optimal
dose
Drugs are usually available in several dosage forms suitable for administration by
appropriate route to provide local or systemic effect , aims are
•To ensure convenient delivery of the specified dose
•To achieve rapid onset e.g., parenteral dosage forms, inhalational/ respiratory
dosage forms.
•To mask the undesirable taste or odor of a drug substance e.g., capsules, coated
tablets, etc.
•To achieve improved bioavailability, e.g., Nano suspensions.
•Improve storage stability e.g., powders for reconstitution.
• specific delivery e.g., enteric-coated tablets.
•prolonged therapeutic effect., Sustained -release tablets, IM injections, implants
•Targeted-delivery system : cancer chemotherapy
•To provide sterile formulations , e.g., injections and eye drops
•https://www.pharmapproach.com/understanding-pharmaceutical-dosage-forms/
Clinicians should be familiar with various dosage forms
Sterile dosage forms
 Key Points
• The objective of drug therapy is to provide maximum
benefit within minimum harm.
• This requires knowledge the drug Pk & PD and variables
affecting these properties.
• Patients are unique, drug therapy must be provided in
individual basis.
• Rational use of drugs is responsibility of all staff involved in
health care

‫االستخدام الرشيد للدواء مسؤولية جميع العاملين في‬

‫المجال الطبى‬
 Web search ( not for exam but for your career )
Advanced delivery system & biotechnology
1.LIPOSOMAL & Immunoliposomes,
e.g. Amphotericin B , doxorubicin
2- The nanotechnology
–Coated nanoparticles
– Pegylated nanoparticles
–Solid Lipid nanoparticles (SLN)
–Nanogels
•Recent Transdermal delivery Bioadhesive liposomes bearing levonorgestrel
•the copolymer of lactide and glycolide (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) based
formulations e.g. vaccine for TB
•Colon targeted delivery system
•https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3465154/