Bonds of solids

By wasif shehzad
Ionic bond
The type of chemical bond , which is formed due to
complete transfer of electron from one atom to another.
 The elements which have tendency to lose one or more
electrons called electropositive elements . Alkali metals
and alkaline metals are examples of this type.
 The elements which have tendency to gain one or more
electrons called electronegative elements . Oxygen ,
nitrogen etc are the examples of this type
Example
Nacl
characteristic
B.E=5ev to 10ev
It consist of ions
Ionic compounds solid
It has high melting and boiling points
Ionic compound are soluble in water and other polar
solvents
Are not soluble in non-polar solvents like benzene alcohol
Not conduct electricity when in solid state
Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when dissolved
in water or melt
Covalent bond
 A type of chemical bond which is formed by the mutual sharing of electrons b/w
combining of atoms of same or different elements.
 In 1916 GN Lewis , an American chemist suggest that there are atoms which combine
with each other or with other atoms by sharing the unpinned electrons in their
outermost shells.
 The crystal containing covalent bonds are called covalent crystal.
 Atoms wants 8 electrons in its other most shell for that reason they form chemical
bond.
Number of bonds covalent bonds that can be formed b/w atoms
=8-N
N=number of electrons in outer most shell.
For example
H2O H O H
Cl2 cl cl N2 N N
O2 O O
Characteristics
Bending energy is very high.
Covalent crystal are hard.
Melting and boiling points are high.
Not a good conductors.
Conductivity can be increased partially by increasing
temperature.
Semi conductors have covalent bonds
Metallic bond
Metallic bonds are formed in metals
Metallic bonds are formed by partial sharing of
valence/conducting electrons
Metallic bonds are incomplete covalent /unsaturated
covalent bonds
properties
B.E = 1.5ev to 5ev
Which is less than ionic and covalent bonds
Melting and boiling points are less
They are good conductors