Name:

Andrés

coahuila
GRADE:6 SIXTH

xd
 The history of coahuila
The first explorations in the state took place between 1550 and 1580. The penetration of the Spaniards to Coahuila was slow and difficult, due to the extreme natural conditions and the
resistance of the Indians, who attacked the newly founded towns.
The first recorded group of colonizers arrived in Coahuila at the end of 1568, commanded by Francisco Cano, who explored the Derramadero Valley, south of the municipalities of Saltillo and
General Cepeda, on behalf of Nueva Galicia. Later, the Portuguese Alberto del Canto carried out the foundation of the town of Santiago del Saltillo in 1577, on behalf of the Governorate of
Nueva Vizcaya.
In 1798 there were confrontations between politicians and military, to determine where the capital would be settled, provoked by groups of Saltillo and Monclova. In Saltillo the commerce of
the internal provinces was carried out, establishing the administrative contact with the viceroyalty of the New Spain, and the real boxes were installed for the handling of the Public
Treasury. The City Council appointed Miguel Ramos Arizpe as deputy for the Four Provinces of the East to the Court of Cadiz in Spain, who brought with him proposals for a new
organization of these territories and fought for their autonomy. He also insisted that the political and administrative action of the town councils be respected.
At the beginning of independence, the military forces and detachments of the presidios prepared to support the royalists. Meanwhile, Mariano Jiménez, who was commissioned by Ignacio
Allende to propagate the rebellion, on January 6, 1811, fought a battle against royal soldiers under the command of Governor Antonio Cordero. Days later, the insurgents occupied Saltillo,
to head towards Parras and Monclova, leaving Brigadier Pedro Aranda as governor of the province. Weeks later, Allende and Hidalgo arrived to Saltillo, naming Ignacio López Rayón and
José María Liceaga as leaders of the movement.
Royuela, treasurer of the royal coffers, the bishop of Porres and the soldier that pretended to be insurgent, Ignacio Elizondo, conspired to apprehend the leaders of the Independence, laying
an ambush in Acatita de Baján, to the south of Monclova. Once Hidalgo, Aldama and Allende were apprehended, they were taken to Monclova, from there to Parras, then to Viesca and
finally, to Chihuahua where they were shot.
López Rayón defeated in Puerto Piñones, on the border of Coahuila and Zacatecas, the royalist troops that wanted to impede his retreat. The rest of the War of Independence had little military
importance for Coahuila. The Constituent Congress, formed just after the end of the War of Independence, promulgated, in 1823, the first Constitution of the Mexican Republic, instituting
a popular and federal representative system, in which the federalist ideas of Miguel Ramos Arizpe, from Coahuila, had a great influence.
In the year 1846 the United States of America invaded our country, having as an objective, among others, to take possession of Coahuila. A group of invaders took the presidio of Rio Grande,
today Guerrero, and advanced to Monclova and Parras.
Another group occupied Saltillo; in an effort to reject the invasion of the Mexican Army under the command of Lopez de Santa Anna, they fought a battle in La Angostura, near Saltillo,
managing to retreat the North Americans to later inexplicably order the withdrawal of the army, which in the end meant that in that battle there was no winner or loser.
In 1852, Juan Antonio de la Fuente promulgated the second Constitution of Coahuila, establishing the sovereignty of the state. Nevertheless, four years later, Santiago Vidaurri, governor of
Nuevo León, annexed Coahuila to that state. As a result of the capture of Mexico City by Maximilian's imperialist troops, President Benito Juarez, in 1864, began his pilgrimage. Upon
arriving in Coahuila, he decreed its separation from the state of Nuevo León and appointed Andrés S. Viesca as governor. In 1865, French troops occupied the state, being later defeated by
a guerrilla movement commanded by Andres S. Viesca, Francisco Aguirre, Victoriano Cepeda and Ildefonso Fuentes.
In 1877 and 1878, uprisings against Porfirio Díaz took place in the north of the state, led by Mariano Escobedo.
In 1908, Madero published his book La Sucesión Presidencial (The Presidential Succession), which marked the beginning of the
country's democratic life, and began a tour through several states of the Republic to promote the creation of anti-
reelectionist clubs. In 1910, election year, the Anti-Reelectionist Party proposed Senator Venustiano Carranza for governor. In
turn, government agents installed Porfirian political clubs, accusing him of being a supporter of Bernardo Reyes.
That same year, when Madero was a candidate for the Presidency of the Republic, he was apprehended and from prison he
learned of the adverse result of the elections, which motivated him to write the Plan of San Luis, the place of his
imprisonment, which he circulated among his co-religionists. Venustiano Carranza organized the uprising in the north of
Coahuila; Rafael de Cepeda would do the same in Saltillo, Madero entered the state on November 20. That day the
revolutionaries took the town of Ocampo, Pablo Gonzalez fought against the federals in Monclova.
In February 1911, Saltillo was occupied by a Revolutionary Board headed by Rafael de Cepeda, followed by Francisco Coss, Luis
and Eulalio Gutiérrez, Abraham Cepeda and other combatants, dominating the southeast region of the state.
On May 13, the revolutionaries began the attack on Torreón, where the federal troops were concentrated; almost at the same
time Emilio Madero took possession of San Pedro de las Colonias, and Carranza occupied the interim governorship of
Coahuila calling for elections. He triumphed and took office on November 22, 1911. On March 26, 1913 he promulgated the
Plan de Guadalupe, in the hacienda of the same name, through which he disowned Huerta as President. On October 3, 1913
Francisco Villa took Torreón to advance towards Saltillo. In 1915, the triumphant Carranza's armies managed to dominate
most of the nation.
Personajes ilustres
• Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920)
• Prominent revolutionary who promulgated the Plan de Guadalupe, where Victoriano Huerta was disowned as President of the country after the death of Francisco I. Madero. Governor of the State
• Francisco I. Madero (1873-1913)
• Apostle of the Mexican Revolution and president of the nation.
• Lucio Blanco (1876-1922)
• Revolutionary who fought important battles.
• Andrés S. Viesca (1827-1908)
• Military man and governor of Coahuila.
• Miguel Ramos Arizpe (1775-1843)
• Recognized as the father of Federalism
• Emilio Carranza (1906-1943)
• Captain and aviator member of Squadron 201, participated in World War II.
• Eulalio Gutiérrez (1881-1939)
• Revolutionary appointed President of the Republic by the Aguascalientes Convention.
• Benecio López Padilla (1895- ¿? )
• Revolutionary, he was Governor of the state of Coahuila.
• Vito Alessio Robles (1879-1957)
• Revolutionary and writer.
• On September 27, 1821, after three centuries of Spanish rule and an 11-year War of Independence, Mexico achieved its independence. The Treaties of Cordoba
recognized New Spain as an independent empire, which took the name of the Mexican Empire.7 8
• After a series of political and economic problems, the Empire headed by Agustín de Iturbide was dissolved following the triumph of the Plan de Casa Mata
Revolution in 1823.9 10
• After the fall of the Empire, the Supreme Executive Power arose, which would be in charge of calling for the creation of the Federal Republic, the triumvirate was in
force from April 1, 1823 to October 10, 1824.11
• On January 31, 1824, the decree was issued by which the Constitutive Act of the Mexican Federation was created, which established the first bases and laws of the
future Republic.12
• On October 4, 1824, the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated. After a couple of adjustments that same year, the country was made
up of 19 states, 5 federal territories and a federal district.13 14 15
• Federal state[edit]

• On May 7, 1824, Coahuila y Texas became one of the founding states of the United Mexican States,16 the state combined the sparsely populated former Spanish
provinces of Texas and Coahuila.17 18 Coahuila y Texas was the poorest state in the Mexican federation,19 It retained the same borders as in colonial times, but did
not include the areas around El Paso, which belonged to the state of Chihuahua, nor that of Laredo, which was part of the state of Tamaulipas.17

• Erasmo Seguín, a congressman representing Texas in the Constitutional Congress during the constitutional debates, proposed that Texas become a federal territory.
He knew that Texas, because of its small population and insufficient resources, was a region ill prepared to be an independent state, and that the Federal
Government, according to the future Constitution, would have the obligation to help the federal territories economically. Because Coahuila was much more
populated than Texas, Seguin feared that in a combined state, Coahuila would exercise greater decision-making power. Coahuila's representative congressman,
Miguel Ramos Arizpe, also thought Coahuila was not ready to be an independent state. But the inhabitants of Coahuila were not willing to join other nearby states,
so Miguel Ramos Arizpe thought that Coahuila could not compete neither in population nor in economy if it joined Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Zacatecas or San Luis
Potosí, he considered that if it did, Coahuila would be the weakest partner. Since the only option Coahuila had to be accepted as a Free and Sovereign State was to
combine with the Texas territory, this option became the most viable option. To convince the Texans to join forces with Coahuila, Ramos Arizpe wrote to the city
council of Béjar and warned the political leaders that if the territory was converted into a federal entity they would run the risk of losing the ownership of the lands
that had been assigned to them since the Federal Government would look out for their interests and modify the ownership of the land property, and on the
contrary, the state governments would retain ownership of the public lands. That was enough to convince Texans to abandon their opposition to the union.20

• Immigration and slavery[edit]

• The federal government had little money to create militias, so the settlers were empowered to create their own militias to defend themselves against
the native tribes. The frontier region of the state suffered from constant raids by Apaches and Comanches. Hoping that by populating the territory with
new settlers the attacks could be controlled, the Mexican federal government passed the General Colonization Law to allow legal immigration to
Coahuila and Texas, and 300 American settler families led by Stephen F. Austin were allowed as a first step to move to Mexico.21

• After some debate, on March 24, 1825, the Coahuila and Texas State Congress authorized a system of land grants to "empresarios," who would recruit
settlers and then bring them to the lands granted to them.22 23 Quickly, officials in Saltillo, the capital of Coahuila and Texas, were besieged by foreign
land speculators who wanted grants in Texas.24 Approximately 3,420 land grant applications were filed by immigrants and naturalized citizens, most of
them Anglo-Americans.25 Only one of the twenty-four entrepreneurs, Martín De León, settled his grant lands with citizens from the interior of Mexico;
the others came primarily from the United States.26 27

• From the moment Mexico gained independence from Spain there was public support for the abolition of slavery. Fears of an economic crisis if all slaves
were freed at the same time led to a policy of gradual emancipation.28 In 1823, Mexico prohibited the sale or purchase of slaves and it was decreed
that the children of slaves would attain freedom upon reaching the age of fourteen.29 On September 16, 1825, Mexico's first president, Guadalupe
Victoria, gave effect to the abolition of slavery,30 decreed by Miguel Hidalgo in 1811. Any slaves brought into Mexico by purchase or trade would also
be freed.28 Many of the settlers in Texas, however, owned slaves they had brought with them from the United States.29 In 1827, the legislature of
Coahuila and Texas prohibited the introduction of more slaves into the state by giving freedom to all children born to a slave.29 The new laws also
mandated that any slaves brought into the state would have to be freed within six months.31 Two years later, on September 15, 1829, President
Vicente Guerrero decreed the total prohibition of slavery in Mexico.32 29 This led to murmurings of revolt in Texas, and the governor of Coahuila and
Texas, José María Viesca, wrote to the president to explain the importance of slavery to the Texas economy, and the importance of the Texas economy
to the development of the state. Texas was temporarily excluded from abolition.33 In 1830, the state was ordered to comply immediately and fully
with the emancipation law. Many settlers turned their slaves into indentured servants for a term of 99 years, a practice the state banned in 1832.34

• Tensions[edit]
• Main articles: Fredonia Rebellion and Laws of April 6, 1830 Map of Coahuila and Texas in 1833 showing several of the land grants
• President Guadalupe Victoria had rejected two offers to purchase Texas from U.S. Ambassador Joel R. Poinsett.35 36 In 1826, a separatist movement led by businessman
Haden Edwards, who declared the creation of the Republic of Fredonia, was quelled. This, coupled with the large number of Americans living in Texas, led Mexican authorities
to the conclusion that the United States was likely to use force to annex the Tejano territory.37 38

• On April 6, 1830, the Mexican government passed a series of laws restricting immigration from the United States to Texas. The laws also cancelled all vacant "empresario"
contracts and decreed for the first time the enforcement of customs duties.37 The enforcement of the new laws enraged settlers in Texas, and in June 1832, a group of them
marched armed to the military base at Anahuac and deposed the commander, Juan Davis Bradburn. A second group forced the surrender of another Mexican military
commander at the Battle of Velasco.39 40 The small rebellion coincided with another led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna against the centralist policies of Mexican
President Anastasio Bustamante. Texans aligned themselves with Santa Anna's federalist policies.41 The Texas colonists continued to press for changes in Mexican
legislation.42 In 1833, they petitioned for independent statehood for Texas, and even drafted a proposed state constitution.42

• In March 1833, the state capital was moved from Saltillo to Monclova, which was closer to Texas.43 Soon after, civil war broke out and the government of the Republic moved
away from federalism toward a more centralized government. As soon as the fighting began, residents in Saltillo declared that Monclova had been illegally converted into the
state capital and elected a new governor. Texans in Saltillo proposed the establishment of a provisional government in Béjar during the unrest to strengthen Texas autonomy.
Juan Seguin, political chief of Béjar, called for a town meeting to create a government, but was forced to postpone when Mexican troops advanced into Texas.44

• Dissolution[edit]

• Main article: Seven Laws

• Map of Mexico in 1835 showing its 24 Departamentos.
• In 1835, the conservative-majority Congress, supported by Santa Anna, assumed national sovereignty and repealed the Constitution of 1824, which was replaced by the
"Constitutional Organic Bases", which were proclaimed on October 23, 1835. On that day the 20 states of the Republic (including Coahuila and Texas), the 5 federal territories
and the federal district, officially ceased to exist as such by becoming Departments. In several parts of the country the federalists rebelled. In May 1835, Santa Anna brutally
put an end to the revolt in Zacatecas.45 As a consequence of their revolt, the territory of Aguascalientes was separated from Zacatecas on May 23, 1835.46 The Federalists,
including Agustín Viesca, governor of Coahuila and Texas, were afraid that Santa Anna would attack Coahuila after subduing the rebels in Zacatecas, so on May 21, 1835, the
state legislature was dissolved and the governor was authorized to establish the government in a different part of the state. Viesca was arrested while traveling to San Antonio.
When Viesca escaped and arrived in the Texas area, no one recognized him as governor.44 On October 2, 1835, settlers in Texas revolted against the Mexican government. The
result of the Texas Revolution was the establishment of the Republic of Texas in 1836.
• Government[edit]

• Coahuila and Texas was divided into several departments, each being governed by a political chief. The departments were subdivided into municipalities, governed by mayors. Each municipality also
elected a city council. Originally, all of Texas was included in the Department of Béjar, while Coahuila was divided into several departments.47 After much protest from the citizens of Texas, in early
1834 the region was divided into three departments, Béjar, Brazos, and Nacogdoches. At the same time, Texas was granted three representatives in the state legislature, as it had originally had two.48

• Laws governing the affairs of the state were established by a state legislature. Ten of the twelve members were elected from Coahuila and two came from Texas.49 The legislators met in the state
capital, originally Saltillo, and later in Monclova. The choice of the capital was controversial; Saltillo was located in the southwestern corner of the state, more than 300 leagues away from the northern
part of Texas.50

• Defense[edit]
• The federal government recognized that the border states required a different military model than the other states. In 1826, Coahuila and Texas and the neighboring states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo
León were united under a single general military command, which was headquartered near Laredo.51 According to regulations, each of the garrisons in Texas (the Alamo at Béjar and Presidio La Bahía
at Goliad) would have 107 soldiers, not including officers.51 In 1832 there was a combined total of 70 soldiers with guns and 70 who had no guns.52 When required, the federal government established
new garrisons within Texas, but when the immediate threat was considered resolved, the new garrisons were closed.53 Most of the national army remained in Mexico City.54
• The government had little money, and the troops were often poorly paid, poorly armed, without ammunition, and poorly fed. In many cases villagers were forced to provide food and other supplies for
the soldiers.55 Few men volunteered for military service on the frontier; garrisons were composed mostly of convicts or civilians forcibly recruited.56
• In 1828, the Coahuila and Texas legislature passed a law authorizing an official state militia. Texas would have at least three militia units, one at Béjar, one at Goliad, and the last along the Brazos
River.57

• Demographics[edit]

• Despite the huge influx of settlers from the United States who moved into the state after the colonization laws were passed, most of the settlers in Coahuila and Texas were native Mexicans. In the
Texas region, however, approximately 80% of the population were migrants from the United States or Europe.58

• In the border areas of the state, like the rest of the Mexican border, there were more mixed (ethnic) marriages than in the interior states.59 Although both the federal and state constitutions
established Catholicism as the official religion, in the border areas the norm was often flouted.59 49

• According to the census taken in Coahuila and Texas in 1828, there was a count of 66,131 inhabitants in the Coahuila area and 4,824 inhabitants in the Texas area.1
Economy[edit]
Mostly food was grown for use in the area itself, little was exported. This was partly due to labor
shortages and due to raids by native tribes. Wild game was abundant, many families lived by
hunting and at the same time owned a few head of cattle and carried out subsistence farming.60
In the Texas area, the economy depended heavily on cotton farming. In 1834, Texas exported more
than 7,000 bales of cotton. Cattle ranching was also a lucrative business; Texas exported more than
5,000 head of cattle in 1834.61 Lumber was exported in small quantities, primarily to
Matamoros.62 In the mid-1830s, Texas imported approximately $630,000 worth of goods. Exports
amounted to only about $500,000. The trade deficit led to a lack of current currency in Texas; in a
report to his superiors Juan Almonte estimated that only about 10% of transactions within Texas
were conducted in specie.63
Many inhabitants of the Mexican border did not obey the rules limiting trade with the United States.
Those areas, including Texas, were far from federal-and often state-control, smuggling was
rampant.59 Coahuila had no coastline, and therefore could not import goods from other countries.
From 1823 to 1830, Texas settlers had exemption from tariffs on some goods. Customs duties
could not be collected because there was no tax office. In 1830 a customs office was established at
Anahuac, but the soldiers were expelled by the settlers in 1832. A similar incident occurred in
1835. Texas continued to serve as a smuggling haven, some of the goods being shipped into the
interior of Mexico and the rest to the Santa Fe territory of New Mexico.64
Municipali
ty of
coahuila
COAHUIL
A estate 
Coahuila
capital
Statistics of the people of Coahuila of the population

year
Northern pork
tamales
Typical clothes
from Coahuila
 Surveys state of Coahuila
Full name:
Age:
Occupation:
1.-Have you ever visited the state of Coahuila?
a)Yes

b)No

c)En one ocasion

2.-What was the state that fought with Coahuila?
a)Texas
b)Venezuela
c)Quintana Roo
3.- Who was the governor of Coahuila?
a)Francisco I. Madero
b)Emilio Carranza

c) Donald Trump

4.-What do you think is the typical dish of the state of Coahuila?

a)Fried beans

b)Drowned cake

c)Northern pork tamales

5.-How is the clothes of Coahuila?

a)black and white
b)blue and green
c)Of many colors
a
6.-How many municipalities does the state of Coahuila have?
a)38
b)42

c)32
7.-What is the full name of Coahuila?
a)Coahuila de [Zaragoza]
b)Coahuila de [Yutepac]

c)Coahuila de [Nuevo León]

8.-On what date the state of Coahuila was created

a)1621
b)1568
c)1490
a
 9 .-What approximate population does the state of Coahuila have in
2020?
a)3,147 millon
b)1 Billón
c)4,123 millon

10.- What is the language of Coahuila?

a)Náhuatl

b)Zapoteco

c)Huasteco
d)All
Survey Response :Joshua Isaias,age:12.Occupation:None
• 1.Anwer: B.-no
2.Answer:C.-Quintana Roo
3.Answer:A.-Francisco I. Madero
4.Answer:A.-Fried beans
5.Answer:C.-Of many colors
6.Answer:C.-32

7.Answer:A.-Coahuila de Zaragoza
8.Answer:C.-1490
9.Answer:C.-4,123 millon

10.Answer:D.-All
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