Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny, a 19th-century ideology, asserted that the United States was destined to expand across the

North American
continent. Coined by journalist John O'Sullivan, it justified westward expansion, including the Oregon Trail, the annexation of Texas, and the acquisition
of California. This ideology heightened tensions with Native Americans and led to the Mexican-American War. Free Soil Party:: The Free Soil Party,
formed in 1848, was a political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories.Details: It attracted abolitionists and those
against the spread of slavery in the West. The party's platform advocated for free homesteads and was absorbed into the Republican Party in the
1850s.Texas Revolution:The Texas Revolution (1835-1836) was a conflict between Texian colonists and Mexico, resulting in Texas gaining
independence.The Battle of the Alamo (1836) was a pivotal moment. Sam Houston led Texan forces to victory at the Battle of San Jacinto, and Texas
became an independent republic before joining the United States in 1845.Annexation of Texas:: The Annexation of Texas in 1845 marked the
incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States.Details: Annexation fueled tensions between the North and South due to the debate over
the extension of slavery into newly acquired territories.Mexican-American War:: The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was a conflict over territorial
disputes following the annexation of Texas. Details: The war resulted in significant territorial gains for the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo, acquiring California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Wyoming, Kansas, and Oklahoma. Compromise of 1850:: The
Compromise of 1850 was an attempt to address the issue of slavery in newly acquired territories.Details: The compromise included California's
admission as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, and the concept of popular sovereignty in other territories. It aimed to maintain a balance between
slave and free states but exacerbated sectional tensions. Fugitive Slave Law:Part of the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Law required the
return of escaped slaves to their owners. Intensified Northern opposition to slavery, as it mandated the cooperation of free states in capturing and
returning escaped slaves.Kansas-Nebraska Act:The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty
in new territories.This led to violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in Kansas, known as "Bleeding Kansas," further deepening
sectional divisions.Bleeding Kansas:"Bleeding Kansas" refers to the violent clashes and political strife in Kansas Territory over the issue of
slavery.Pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers flooded the territory to influence its status. The violence previewed the tensions that would lead to the Civil
War.Popular Sovereignty: Popular sovereignty advocated for allowing residents of a territory to decide on the issue of slavery through a popular
vote.Applied in the territories acquired from the Mexican-American War, it was a key component of the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska
Act.Dred Scott Decision:The Dred Scott decision (1857) was a Supreme Court ruling that denied citizenship to enslaved individuals and ruled the
Missouri Compromise unconstitutional.The decision intensified sectional tensions by asserting that Congress couldn't prohibit slavery in the territories,
regardless of popular sovereignty.John Brown’s Raid:John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry (1859) was an attempt to instigate a slave rebellion.Brown
and his followers seized the federal arsenal, but the raid failed, and Brown was captured and later executed. It heightened tensions between North and
South.Republican Party:The Republican Party emerged in the 1850s as an anti-slavery party.Formed in response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act, it
attracted various anti-slavery factions and elected Abraham Lincoln in 1860.Election of 1860:The Election of 1860 led to the victory of Abraham
Lincoln, a Republican, triggering Southern secession.Details: Lincoln's election without Southern support prompted several Southern states to secede,
setting the stage for the Civil War.Abraham Lincoln:Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President, led the nation through the Civil War.Lincoln is best known for
preserving the Union, issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, and promoting the abolition of slavery.Fort Sumter:The bombardment of Fort Sumter in
1861 marked the start of the Civil War.Confederate forces attacked the federal fort, leading to its surrender. It galvanized Northern support for the
war.SC Secession:South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union in 1860.South Carolina's secession triggered a chain reaction, with other
Southern states following suit, leading to the formation of the Confederate States of America.Emancipation Proclamation: Issued by Lincoln in 1863,
the Emancipation Proclamation declared all slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free.While it had limited immediate impact, it transformed the war
into a moral struggle for freedom and laid the groundwork for the 13th Amendment:13th Amendment:The 13th Amendment (1865) abolished slavery in
the United States.Ratified after the Civil War, it marked a monumental change in the nation's history by formally ending the institution of
slavery.Freedmen’s Bureau:The Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872) aimed to assist formerly enslaved individuals and poor whites during Reconstruction.
Provided education, healthcare, and employment assistance, but faced opposition and ultimately closed.Radical Reconstruction:Radical
Reconstruction (1867-1877) was a period of intense federal intervention in the South, seeking civil rights for freedmen.Involved the enforcement of civil
rights laws, military occupation, and the ratification of the 14th and 15th Amendments.14th Amendment:The 14th Amendment (1868) granted
citizenship and equal protection under the law to all individuals born or naturalized in the United States.Addressed civil rights and due process,
extending protection to freedmen.15th Amendment:The 15th Amendment (1870) granted voting rights to African American men.Prohibited the denial
of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.Black Codes:Black Codes were restrictive laws in Southern states aimed at
controlling and limiting the rights of newly freed African Americans.Imposed strict social and economic restrictions, resembling the pre-emancipation
system.Compromise of 1877:The Compromise of 1877 resolved the disputed presidential election of 1876 and marked the end of
Reconstruction.Resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and the inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes.Panic of 1837:The Panic of
1837 was a severe economic depression caused by factors such as the collapse of speculative land investments, it led to bank failures, unemployment,
and a prolonged economic downturn.Tippecanoe & Tyler, too:"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" was the campaign slogan of William Henry Harrison and
John Tyler in the 1840 presidential election.Emphasized Harrison's military accomplishments and portrayed him as a man of the people.Irish Potato
Famine:The Irish Potato Famine (1845-1852) was a period of mass starvation in Ireland.Caused by a potato blight, it led to widespread death and
prompted Irish immigration to the United States.Separate Spheres for Women:The concept of Separate Spheres dictated distinct roles for men and
women.Men were associated with the public sphere, while women were confined to domestic responsibilities.Cult of Domesticity/True
Womanhood:The Cult of Domesticity emphasized idealized traits for women.Women were expected to embody piety, purity, submissiveness, and
domesticity, shaping societal expectations in the 19th century.Second Great Awakening:The Second Great Awakening (early 19th century) was a
religious revival.Emphasized personal salvation, individual responsibility, and social reform, impacting various reform movements.Mormonism:
Mormonism, founded by Joseph Smith and continued by Brigham Young, is a religious movement.Includes unique doctrines, such as the Book of
Mormon, and practices like polygamy.Temperance Movement:The Temperance Movement advocated for the moderation or abstention from the
consumption of alcoholic beverages.Gained momentum in the 19th century, leading to the eventual prohibition era.Seneca Falls Convention:The
Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was the first woman's rights convention in the United States.Issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding equal
rights for women, including the right tovote.Transcendentalism:Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement in the 19th
century.Emphasized individual intuition, spiritual insight, and the inherent goodness of people and nature.Sam Houston:Sam Houston was a key figure
in the Texas Revolution.Served as the president of the Republic of Texas, and later, as a U.S. senator.Cotton Kingdom:The Cotton Kingdom refers to the
Southern states' economic dependence on cotton production.Drove the expansion of slavery, shaping Southern society and politics.Internal/Domestic
Slave Trade:The internal/domestic slave trade involved the buying and selling of enslaved individuals within the United States.Often from the Upper
South to the Deep South, perpetuating the institution of slavery.Anti-Slavery:Anti-slavery refers to the opposition to the institution of
slavery.Encompasses various movements, individuals, and ideologies advocating for the abolition of slavery.Abolition:Abolition was the 19th-century
movement to end slavery.Gained momentum through activists, literature, and political efforts, ultimately contributing to the abolition of slavery.Harriet
Jacobs:Harriet Jacobs, an enslaved woman, wrote "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl.Offers a firsthand account of the hardships and struggles faced
by enslaved women, contributing to the abolitionist.American Colonization Society:The American Colonization Society aimed to address the issue of slavery
by encouraging the voluntary colonization of African Americans in Liberia.Established in 1816, it sought to find a solution to the "problem" of free African
Americans in the United States.Nat Turner’s Rebellion:Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) was a slave revolt in Virginia,Led by Nat Turner, it resulted in the deaths of
over 50 white individuals and, in its aftermath, led to more restrictive slave laws.The Liberator:"The Liberator," published by William Lloyd Garrison, was a
prominent abolitionist newspaper.Garrison advocated for immediate and uncompensated emancipation. "The Liberator" played a crucial role in the abolitionist
movement.Pro Slavery:Pro Slavery ideologies defended and justified the institution of slavery.Arguments included economic benefits, paternalistic notions, and
racially-based justifications, contributing to the sectional tensions.Personal Liberty Laws:Personal Liberty Laws were state laws in the North designed to counteract
the Fugitive Slave Act.These laws aimed to protect the rights of free and escaped slaves, reflecting growing Northern resistance to the enforcement of the Fugitive
Slave Act.Fugitive Slave Acts:The Fugitive Slave Acts (1793 and 1850) authorized the capture and return of escaped slaves.The enforcement of these acts intensified
the divide between the North and South over the issue of slavery.King Cotton:"King Cotton" symbolized the economic and political power of the cotton industry in
the Southern states.The cotton industry was a driving force behind the Southern economy, influencing political and social structures.The Alamo, Revolution of
1800:The Alamo, a key battle during the Texas Revolution, symbolized Texan resistance against Mexican forces.The Revolution of 1800 refers to the peaceful transfer
of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans in the presidential election of 1800.Marbury v. Madison:Marbury v. Madison (1803) was a landmark
Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.Chief Justice John Marshall asserted the Supreme Court's authority to declare acts of Congress
unconstitutional, shaping the balance of power.Louisiana Purchase:The Louisiana Purchase (1803) doubled the size of the United States.Thomas Jefferson acquired
the territory from France, significantly impacting westward expansion and economic development.Barbary Wars:The Barbary Wars (1801-1805 and 1815) were
conflicts between the United States and North African states over tribute payments.These wars marked America's response to piracy in the Mediterranean and
established U.S. naval power.War of 1812:The War of 1812 was a conflict between the United States and Britain.Driven by issues such as impressment and trade
restrictions, the war concluded with the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.Battle of New Orleans:The Battle of New Orleans (1815) was a decisive American victory in the
War of 1812.Fought after the peace treaty was signed, it showcased American military prowess and elevated Andrew Jackson's reputation.Hartford Convention:The
Hartford Convention (1814-1815) was a meeting of New England Federalists who expressed opposition to the War of 1812.The convention's demands for
constitutional amendments contributed to the decline of the Federalist Party.“Era of Good Feelings”:The "Era of Good Feelings" (1817-1825) refers to a period of
perceived national unity and political harmony.Occurred during James Monroe's presidency, marked by economic prosperity and a lack of major political
divisions.Panic of 1819:The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States.Caused by factors like the collapse of speculative land investments
and the end of the post-war economic boom.Missouri Compromise:The Missouri Compromise (1820) aimed to maintain a balance between slave and free states.It
admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while drawing a line at 36°30' for future slave and free territories.Monroe Doctrine:The Monroe Doctrine
(1823) was a U.S. foreign policy statement warning European powers against further colonization in the Americas.Asserted the principle of non-intervention in the
Western Hemisphere, reflecting a growing sense of American nationalism.Market Revolution:The Market Revolution (early 19th century) involved economic
changes driven by innovations in transportation, communication, and industry.It transformed the United States from an agrarian society to an industrial one, impacting
trade, production, and daily life.Andrew Jackson:Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, was known for his leadership during the Battle of New Orleans, the Indian
Removal Act, and his populist political style. Jackson's presidency was marked by initiatives such as the spoils system and opposition to the Second Bank of the
United States.Indian Removal Act:The Indian Removal Act (1830) authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the
southeastern United States.Led to the Trail of Tears and widespread suffering and death among Native American communities.Trail of Tears:The Trail of Tears refers
to the forced relocation of Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee.: Thousands died during the journey westward, reflecting the devastating impact of the
Indian Removal Act.Second Bank of the US:The Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836) played a central role in the American financial system.Its charter
was not renewed under President Andrew Jackson, contributing to economic instability.Nullification Crisis:The Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) involved Southern
opposition to federal tariffs.Centered in South Carolina, it raised questions about states' rights and the federal government's authority.Paternalism in the
South:Paternalism in the South refers to the hierarchical social structure that justified the dominance of white slaveholders.It portrayed slaveholders as benevolent
father figures, responsible for the well-being of enslaved individuals.William Lloyd Garrison:William Lloyd Garrison was a prominent abolitionist and the editor of
"The Liberator."Garrison advocated for immediate and uncompensated emancipation, contributing significantly to the abolitionist movement.Erie Canal:The Erie
Canal, completed in 1825, connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.It facilitated transportation and trade, significantly impacting the economic development of
the northeastern United States.Factory System/Lowell Girls:The Factory System emerged in the early 19th century, involving the mechanization of production in
factories.The Lowell Girls were female textile workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, illustrating early patterns of industrial labor.Hartford Convention:The Hartford
Convention (1814-1815) was a meeting of New England Federalists who expressed opposition to the War of 1812.The convention's demands for constitutional
amendments contributed to the decline of the Federalist Party.Panic of 1819:The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States.Caused by
factors like the collapse of speculative land investments and the end of the post-war economic boom.Missouri Compromise:The Missouri Compromise (1820) aimed
to maintain a balance between slave and free states.It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while drawing a line at 36°30' for future slave and
free territories.Monroe Doctrine:The Monroe Doctrine (1823) was a U.S. foreign policy statement warning European powers against further colonization in the
Americas.Asserted the principle of non-intervention in the Western Hemisphere, reflecting a growing sense of American nationalism.Market Revolution:The Market
Revolution (early 19th century) involved economic changes driven by innovations in transportation, communication, and industry.It transformed the United States
from an agrarian society to an industrial one, impacting trade, production, and daily life.Andrew Jackson:Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, was known for his
leadership during the Battle of New Orleans, the Indian Removal Act, and his populist political style.Jackson's presidency was marked by initiatives such as the spoils
system and opposition to the Second Bank of the United States.Indian Removal Act:The Indian Removal Act (1830) authorized the forced removal of Native
American tribes from their ancestral lands in the southeastern United States.Led to the Trail of Tears and widespread suffering and death among Native American
communities.Trail of Tears:The Trail of Tears refers to the forced relocation of Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee.Thousands died during the journey
westward, reflecting the devastating impact of the Indian Removal Act.Second Bank of the US:The Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836) played a central
role in the American financial system.Its charter was not renewed under President Andrew Jackson, contributing to economic instability.Nullification Crisis:The
Nullification Crisis (1832-1833) involved Southern opposition to federal tariffs.Centered in South Carolina, it raised questions about states' rights and the federal
government's authority.Paternalism in the South:Paternalism in the South refers to the hierarchical social structure that justified the dominance of white
slaveholders.It portrayed slaveholders as benevolent father figures, responsible for the well-being of enslaved individuals.William Lloyd Garrison:William Lloyd
Garrison was a prominent abolitionist and the editor of "The Liberator."Garrison advocated for immediate and uncompensated emancipation, contributing significantly
to the abolitionist movement.Erie Canal:The Erie Canal, completed in 1825, connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.It facilitated transportation and trade,
significantly impacting the economic development of the northeastern United States.Factory System/Lowell Girls:The Factory System emerged in the early 19th
century, involving the mechanization of production in factories.The Lowell Girls were female textile workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, illustrating early patterns of
industrial labor.Equiano: The story of Equiano gives a thorough insight into a dive of slavery in Africa in the past and the Middle Passage which was also known to be an incredibly
challenging journey. Equiano tells us about his background, where he came from and a description of how it was. He goes into detail about his home back in Africa, talking about how
diverse it was and the immense wealth that was present in that area, he also talked about how Africa was very culturally and socially distinct from Europe and America. The living
situation was a huge difference between Africa, Europe and America. It was a different environment. Equiano has one main objective and that was to put an end to slavery. He
describes his own experience and journey to expose the reality of slavery and the Middle passage and how brutal and how dehumanizing it is. His goal is to have the European readers
gain empathy towards slaves and also to put an end to slavery. Equiano described the moral wrongs of slavery by using Christian imagery and references from the Bible. These
references backed him up as he referred to Christian values. His goal is to awaken the minds of the Europeans by his words to have them be aware and knowledgeable of what is going
on around them (slavery). Equiano was not a man who spoke about a certain group or suggesting rights towards a certain color or race, he was one to speak about universal human
rights and dignity. He was about being fair towards all races and ethnic groups. Equiano’s story focuses on the injustices that enslaved humans face, regardless of their ethnic group.
Equiano further discusses the terrifying process of the Middle passage and the stages within it, focusing on the most awful parts, for example starvation, overpacked ships, and
unsanitary conditions on slave ships. Slave traders built this transport system to induce distress and fear to show control, ensuring compliance. Even after being put through many
dreadful situations, African people stayed loyal and dedicated to their identities by practicing their culture and resilience, which represented their strength even at times of unease and
helplessness. // Harriet Jacobs: “The incident in the life of a slave girl”, is a narrative that discusses the reality of slavery and depicts an image of how the slavery life was in the
reader's head. The narrative talks about the most horrible and terrifying experiences that the enslaved people went through. This narrative mainly focuses on the Harriet Jacobs view
and perspective on slavery from her own experience. This narrative also emphasizes on the inhumane part of slavery, for example, when the slaves were not granted even the slightest
amount of freedom, the slaves being under threat by sexual or domestic violence, and also how the families had to be split apart. It also discusses how Jacobs' view about the slave
market was and on the role it played on the enslaved and slave owners.The author used several themes throughout the story to describe the experience of slavery through the eyes of
Harriet Jacobs. Some of the topics the author uses in his story are literacy and religion. The author emphasized literacy as a way to represent strength and power. These two words
helped the author to explain how well Harriet Jacobs wanted to communicate her experience, to tell the world the facts and truths of slavery and showed that it highlights At the same
time, the author constructs slavery of the negative effects that apparently affected the slave owners as well. The author made this possible by exposing the immorality and
dehumanization of Harriet Jacobs in its possible use to promote the emancipation of slaves and Harriet Jacobs wanted to reveal the truth about slavery as best she could.Analyzing the
tone and style the author uses in Harriets narrative, we can see that there is a complex narrative style that combines everything together such as personal details, life in slavery, and
emotional aspects. The tone she describes it with shows her voice to be poignant, evoking deep empathy while conveying the urgency of evacuation. After a torturous period in history,
Jacobs’s story is both a historical document and a book. Her desire was to help expand this story of the torturous reality which once existed within history to the broader category. She
also achieves this by providing insight into the lived experiences and people who experienced the depths of slavery to its furthest extent.