Professional Documents
Culture Documents
7.4
Figure 7-3
1. Cheaper
2. Less susceptible to electrical interference caused by nearby
equipment or wires.
3. In turn are less likely to cause interference themselves.
4. Because it is electrically "cleaner", STP wire can carry data at
a faster speed.
Disadvantages :
7.12
Factor3 UTP STP
BW 10 mbps 16 mbps
7.13
Figure 7-11 and 7-12
Coaxial Cable
7.15
High bandwidth
Excellent noise immunity.
The bandwidth possible depends on the cable quality and
length.
Used within the telephone system, cable television and MAN
For long-distance lines, but have now replaced by fiber
optics on long distance routes.
7.16
Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accept
and transport the signals in the form of Light.
Advantages:
Noise Resistance
Less Signal Attenuation
Higher BW
Disadvantages:
Cost
Installation/Maintenance
Fragility(Broken Wire)
7.17
7-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS
7.18
Figure 7-1
Electromagnetic Spectrum
7.20
Table 7.4 Bands
7.21
Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves
7.22
Note
7.23
Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional antenna
7.24
Note
7.26
Note
7.27
Figure 3.25 Causes of impairment
3.28
Attenuation
3.29
Measurement of Attenuation
dB = 10log10P2/P1
P1 - input signal
P2 - output signal
3.30
Figure 3.26 Attenuation
3.31
Example 3.26
3.33
Example 3.28
3.34
Figure 3.27 Decibels for Example 3.28
3.35
Example 3.29
Solution
We can calculate the power in the signal as
3.36
Distortion
• Means that the signal changes its form or shape
• Distortion occurs in composite signals
• Each frequency component has its own
propagation speed traveling through a medium.
• The different components therefore arrive with
different delays at the receiver.
• That means that the signals have different phases
at the receiver than they did at the source.
3.37
Figure 3.28 Distortion
3.38
Noise
• There are different types of noise
– Thermal - random noise of electrons in the
wire creates an extra signal
– Crosstalk - same as above but between two
wires.
– Impulse - Spikes that result from power lines,
lighning, etc.
– Induced
3.39
Figure 3.29 Noise
3.40
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
3.41
Example 3.31
Solution
The values of SNR and SNRdB can be calculated as
follows:
3.42
Example 3.32
3.43
Figure 3.30 Two cases of SNR: a high SNR and a low SNR
3.44