National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic Rehabilitation

Sher-E-Bangla Nagar Dhaka-1207

B.Sc.in Physiotherapy
Course work on- Theaching methodology
Topic: Theory of learning and Identify Individual learning system
 WELCOME
TO MY PRESETATION
TEACHING METHODOLOGY
CASE STUDY ON:
Theory of learning, Identify individual learning style.

Submitted to:DR. NAZRUL ISLAM

BPT (DU),MPT (DHAKA)
Assistant professor & Course Coordinator
Department of physiotherapy, NITOR
Submitted by:Md.Abu Horayra
Roll No:868
Batch No:22th
Submssion date:17/08/2022
Theory of learning, Identify individual learning style.
Contents:
 What is learning theory?
 Types of learning theory
 Important of learning theory
 Composition of theory of learning
 Advantage of theory of learning
 Disadvantage of theory of learning
 Barrier’s of theory of learning
 What is individual learning styles?
 Types of individual learning styles
 BENEFITS
 Conclusion
 References
Theory of learning. Identify individual learning
style.
What is learning theory:
 Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain
knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental
influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding,
or a world view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
Types of learning theory:
1. Behaviorist Theory
2. Cognitive Theory
3. Constructivist Theory
4. Social Learning Theory
5. Connectivism Theory
6. Adult Learning Theory
Behaviorist Theory:
What factors influence this learning?
 Learner.
 Environment.
 Environmental conditions.
 Arrangement of stimuli and consequences within the environment.
 Stimuli in external environment.

How does transfer occur?

 Transfer is a result of generalization. Situations involving identical or similar
features allow behavior to transfer across common elements.
 Learning is manifested by a change in behavior.
 How is technology used for this learning.
 Teaching Machines
 Films
 Programmed Instruction
 Instructional Design

Cognitive Theory:
What factors influence learning?
 Environmental conditions.
 Instructional explanations.
 Demonstrations.
 Illustrative examples.
 Matched non-examples.
 Role of practice with corrective feedback.
 Learner’s thoughts, beliefs, attitudes and values.
 Internal cognitive structuring.
How does transfer occur?
Transfer is a function of how information is stored in memory, when a learner understands how to apply
knowledge in different contexts, then transfer has occurred.
How is technology used for this learning.
 Some strategies are: concept mapping, mnemonics, framing, outlining and advanced organizers.
Constructivist Theory:
What factors influence this learning?
 Environmental factors, the learner and the interaction between them. This is why content and
knowledge should be embedded in the context or situation in which is going to be used.
Constructivism contends that situations co-produce knowledge through activity.
How does transfer occur?
 Transfer occurs by involvement of the learner in authentic tasks anchored in meaningful contexts.
 Constructivist view is that learning always takes place in a context and that context forms an
inexorable link with the knowledge embedded in it.
How is technology used for this learning?
 Some strategies are
 Technologies
 Other technologies
Social Learning Theory:
What factors influence this learning?
Three fundamental elements:
1. Domain of knowledge
2. Community of people
3. Shared practice
How is technology used for this learning ?
 Using many social networks such as wikis, Skype, Facebook.
 Through forums, group activities, debates.
Connectivism Theory:
What factors influence learning?
 Chaos Theory
 Networks
 Complexity and Self-Organization
How does transfer occur?
 Connecting, adding nodes.
How is technology used for learning in your industry?
 Communities of practice.
 Professional development groups.
 LinkedIn.
 Social media tools (Skype, Twitter, Facebook).
 Blogs, podcasts, forums.
 Technology is used to build networks where knowledge can be accessed and built upon community
members input.
Adult Learning Theory:
What factors influence this learning?
 Life experience (including life altering events that affect cognitive abilities).
 Work experience (including development of thinking patterns based on this experience).
 Positive/negative previous adult learning experiences.
 Elements affecting performance, including cognitive abilities.
 Time between learning interactions.
 Aging factors.
How does transfer occur?
 Association
 Similarity
 Degree of Original Learning
 Critical Attribute Element
 Reinforcement
How is technology used for this learning?
 Online educational environments.
 Mobile learning tools.
 Learning Management Systems (LMS).
 Multimedia resources (videos, podcasts, audio files).
 Simulation environments.
Why are learning theories important?
 It is part of the human condition to crave knowledge. Consequently, numerous scientists,
psychologists, and thought leaders have devoted their careers to studying learning theories.
Understanding how people learn is a critical step in optimizing the learning process.
 It is for this reason that teacher colleges or educator preparation programs spend so much time
having teacher candidates study human development and multiple learning theories. Foundational
knowledge of how humans learn, and specifically how a child learns and develops cognitively, is
essential for all educators to be their most effective instructors in the classroom.
Composition of theory of learning:
The theories are treated in four parts: a short historical introduction, a discussion of the view
of knowledge presupposed by the theory, an account of how the theory treats learning and
student motivation, and, finally, an overview of some of the instructional methods promoted by
the theory is presented

Advantage of theory of learning:

 Theories provide a basis to understand how people learn and a way to explain, describe,
analyze and predict learning. In that sense, a theory helps us make more informed decisions
around the design, development and delivery of learning. 
 There are different learning theories (behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism,
connectivism, etc.). These theorists have thought deeply about learning and contemplated
and researched it extensively. Learning designers can leverage this knowledge to think
critically about learning and education. 
Disadvantage of theory of learning:
Observational Learning Theory lacks consideration of other important factors in learning. The Social
Learning Theory generally ignores an individual's physical and psychological limitations. Inherited conditions
may affect how learners react to an act, as well as their ability to retain and repeat certain behaviors.

Barrier’s of theory of learning:

1. Resistance to change
 Hesitance toward technologies.
 I already know it all.
2. Fear of failure
3. Lack of focus
4. Lack of previous knowledge
5. Lack of seeing the big picture
6. Lack of purpose
7. Boredom
8. Isolation
9. Different learning styles
What is individual learning styles?
Technically, an individual's learning style refers to the preferential way in which the student absorbs,
processes, comprehends and retains information.
 "Learning Styles" theories attempted to define people by how they learn – based on individual
strengths, personal preferences, and other factors such as motivation and favored learning
environment. Many different Learning Styles models were developed, but even the most popular
ones have now been called into question.
What are the four learning styles?
 The four core learning styles in the VARK model include visual, auditory, reading and writing, and
kinesthetic. Here’s an overview of all four learning style types.
 Visual - Visual learners are better able to retain information when it’s presented to them in a graphic
depiction, such as arrows, charts, diagrams, symbols, and more. Similar to how designers use visual
hierarchy to emphasize specific design elements, visual learners thrive with clear pictures of information
hierarchy.

 Auditory - Sometimes referred to as “aural” learners, auditory learners prefer listening to information that
is presented to them vocally. These learners work well in group settings where vocal collaboration is present
and may enjoy reading aloud to themselves, too.

 Reading & Writing - Focusing on the written word, reading and writing learners succeed with written
information on worksheets, presentations, and other text-heavy resources. These learners are note-takers
and perform strongly when they can reference written text.

 Kinesthetic - Taking a physically active role, kinesthetic learners are hands-on and thrive when engaging all
of their senses during course work. These learners tend to work well in scientific studies due to the hands-on
lab component of the course. 
Visual Learners
Auditory learners
ACADEMIC BENEFITS
 Gives a head start and maximizes learning potential
 Enables to succeed in school, college, university
 Gives customised techniques to score better on tests and exams
 Allows to learn – through own best strategies
 Shows how to overcome the limitations of poor instructors
 Reduces the stress and frustration of learning experiences
 Expands existing learning and studying strategies
PERSONAL BENEFITS
 Increases self-confidence
 Improves self-image
 Teaches how to use brain best
 Gives insight into strengths, weaknesses, and habits
 Enables to enjoy any learning process
 Inspires greater curiosity and motivation for lifelong learning
 Shows how to take advantage of natural skills and inclinations
PROFESSIONAL BENEFITS
 Enables to stay up-to-date professionally
 Gives an edge over competitors
 Allows to manage teams more effectively
 Guides in delivering effective presentations to diverse audiences
 Improves persuasive and sales skills
 Helps improve cooperation among colleagues
 Translates learning power into earning power
What are the disadvantages of individual learning?
There are some disadvantages: There is a long lead time to prepare materials. Learner motivation can
be hard to maintain. The trainer's role needs to change.
...
The main types of individual learning are:
 Distance learning.
 Resource-based learning.
 Computer-based training.
 Directed private study.

In conclusion learning theories are the concept that individuals differ in regard to what mode of
instruction or study is most effective for them (Bjork. R, McDaniel. M, Pashler. H, Rohrer. D. 2011).
People learn the best in their own way, some people learn best from experience. Others learn best
from people telling them what to do and how to do it. Some people learn better by doing something.
Instead of reading how to do something or being told how to do something they just go out and do it
and this is easy to some people.
References[edit]

 ^ Illeris, Knud (2004). The three dimensions of learning. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co. ISBN 9781575242583.
 ^ Ormrod, Jeanne (2012). Human learning (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN 9780132595186.
 ^ Willingham, Daniel T.; Hughes, Elizabeth M.; Dobolyi, David G. (July 2015). "The scientific status of learning styles theories". 
Teaching of Psychology. 42 (3): 266–271. doi:10.1177/0098628315589505. S2CID 146126992.
 ^ Pashler, Harold; McDaniel, Mark; Rohrer, Doug; Bjork, Robert A. (December 2008). "Learning styles: concepts and evidence"
 (PDF). Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 9 (3): 105–119. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6053.2009.01038.x. PMID 26162104. S2CID
 2112166.
 ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f D.C. Phillips; Jonas F. Soltis (2009). Perspectives on Learning. Thinking About Education (5th ed.). Teachers
College Press. ISBN 978-0-8077-7120-4.
 ^ Jump up to:a b Silverman, Allan. "Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 ed.).
 ^ Brain, Christine; Mukherji, Penny (2005). Understanding Child Psychology. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. pp. 56–57. ISBN 
0-7487-9084-5.
 ^ Dearden, R. F. (2012). Theory and Practice in Education (RLE Edu K). Oxon: Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-415-69722-4.
 ^ Sherman, Patrice (2012). John Locke: Philosopher of the Enlightenment. Huntington Beach, CA: Teacher Created Materials.
p. 26. ISBN 978-1-4333-5014-6.
 ^ Phillips, D.C., Soltis, J.F., Perspectives on learning pg. 22
 ^ Good and Brophey. Realistic Approach. p. 155.
 ^ Phillips, D.C. & Soltis, J.F. (2009). Perspectives on Learning (Fifth). New York: Teachers College Press. p. 22.
 ^ Myers, David G. (2008). Exploring Psychology. New York, New York: Worth. p. 223.
 ^ Myers, David G. (2008). Exploring Psychology. New York, New York: Worth. p. 222.
 ^ Jump up to:a b Smith, M.K. "Learning Theory, the encyclopedia of informal education". the encyclopedia of informal education.
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