03-Earth FAult and FAult Resistance - New

Distance Protection: Earth-Faults and
Fault Resistance
Power Transmission
and Distribution
©
Siemens AG 2006
Distance protection: Earth fault in system with solid, isolated or
compensated system neutral earthing
D A B C
ZT Z2...
Z1
G
D
Neutral Earthing :
Peterson Coil or Isolated or Solid
During single phase earth fault:
The short circuit current magnitude depends on the

neutral earthing method.
©
Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 TLQ 2004 Distance Protection – Earth Faults and fault resistance Power Transmission and Distribution
Earth Fault Current - Pick-Up Characteristic
Measuring errors and non-symmetry may not cause

incorrect pick-up by earth fault current threshold
©
Siemens AG 2006
Earth Fault Detection Logic
Normal pick-up: 3I0

Heavy load on long line: 3I2
For very small earth current: 3U0 (isolated or
compensated system)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Earth fault detection during one pole open condition
During the 1 pole open condition, load current flows

in the earth path.
Magnitude comparison of the remaining 2 phases
prevents incorrect pick-up
©
Siemens AG 2006
Distance measurement
Fault loop formulas
IL1 RL + j XL
Relay IL2
location IL3
VL1 VL2 VL3
IE RE + j XE
Phase-to-Earth loop: V L1  I L1  RL  jX L   I E  RE  jX E 

V L1  ( I L1  RL  I E  RE )  j ( I L1  X L  I E  X E )
 R   X 
V L1  RL   I L1  E  I E   jX L  I L1  E  I E 
 RL   XL 
Line and earth impedance are measured
Phase-to-Phase loop: V L1 L 2  RL  jX L  I L1  I L 2 

Only the Line impedance is measured
©
Siemens AG 2006
Numeric impedance calculation, ph-ph-loop
relay fault
location location
L1
fwd Rfwd Xfwd(Lfwd)

L2
ret to remote
Rret Xret(Lret) line end
Infeed L3
Ufwd Uret
E
U L2 - U L3 
RL2 - L3 = Re  
 I L2 - I L3 
U L2 - U L3
ZL2 - L3 =
I L2 - I L3 U L2 - U L3 
XL2 - L3 = Im  
 I L2 - I L3 
With the measurement of phase to phase voltages and currents the

fault impedance (impedance to fault location) is correct calculated
©
Siemens AG 2006
Numeric impedance-calculation, Ph-E-loop (1)
L RL XL
L1
L2
G
L3
Uph-E RE XE
E = (L1 + L2 + L3)
Calculation of the complex impedance
Z E 


U Ph  E  I L  Z L  IE  ZE  Z I  I E 
L L
Z L 


Residual compensation factor

UPh  E Z 0L  ZL Z E
ZL  kE  
I L  kE  I E 3  ZL ZL
©
Siemens AG 2006
Numeric impedance-calculation, Ph-E-loop (2)
L RL XL
L1
L2
G
L3
Uph-E RE XE
E = (L1 + L2 + L3)
Separate calculation of the V L1  I L1  RL  jX L   I E  RE  jX E 

resistance and reactance
 RE   XE 
V L1  RL   I L1   I E   jX L  I L1   I E 
 RL   XL 
Separate residual compensation factors
RE XE This solution is the preferred

k E, R  k E, X  in Siemens Relays
RL XL
©
Siemens AG 2006
Distance measurement (Ph-E-loop)
influence of fault resistance
L This method is not used by SIEMENS
XL RL RF
X 1+kE
UPh-E K RF
E
XE RE X
ZL ZPh-E
UPh - E = IL ZL + ZE  + RF  IL assume IL  - IE
ZE
1+
UPh - E ZL RF
ZPh - E =  ZL  +
IL  kE  IE 1 + kE 1 + kE R
ZE RF RF
If kE setting adapted to , then ZPh - E  ZL   ZL 
ZL ZE ZE j(E-L)
1 1 e
ZL ZL
Also an additional measuring error in the X-direction

©
Siemens AG 2006
Distance measurement (Ph-E-loop) - influence of
fault resistance at separate residual
compensation factors
L
XL RL
RF
UPh-E K RF
E X 1+kE,R
XE RE
UPh - E = I L RL + j X L  - I E RE + j X E + RF  IL

ZL
U Ph  E 
Im 
ZPh-E
 I L   XL
XPh-E 
XE
1+
XL R
U Ph  E 
Re 
 I L  RF No measuring error
RPh-E   RL 
RE 1 + kE , R in the X-direction
1+
RL
with IE = - IL
©
Siemens AG 2006
Short-circuit with fault resistance and infeed
from both sides - equivalent circuit
EA A ZL B EB
D A RF B
UA
X
U A = I A  ZL + I A + IB   RF
U A = I A  ZL + RF  + IB  RF RF B
RF
A
UA IB ZL
ZA = = ZL + RF +  RF
IA IA
R
The fault resistor RF is seen larger
©
Siemens AG 2006
Fault locating:
distance-to-fault measurement with arc compensation
lF
ZL
USC ISC RF
RF
X Measurement of
ZL the Reactance
gives the best
ZSC ZSC  sin SC
accuracy
(USC)
SC ISC R
USC
XSC= K sin SC = ZSC ·sin SC
ISC
©
Siemens AG 2006
Short-circuit with arc resistance and double-sided in-feed,
influence on distance measurement
I1 I2
ZL1 ZL2
= I1+I2 - I1
U1
X
UARC
IE1 IE2 UARC/ISC1

ZE1 ZE2
1 + k0
U1 = I1 · ZL1 + IE1 · ZE1 + UARC ZL1
U1 I1 · ZL1 + IE1 · ZE1 UARC

ZRel = = +
I1 + k0 · IE1 I1 + k0 · IE1 I1 + k0 · IE1 R
ZLE ZL0 - ZL UARC

for : I1 = IE1 = ISC1 and k0 = = ZRel = ZL1 +
ZL 3  ZL (1 + k0) · ISC1
The phase angle difference between the two sources (load influence)
causes an additional error in the measured reactance (see angle )
©
Siemens AG 2006
Influence of load flow on the distance
measurement for faults with fault resistance
U1 U2
load
L
ZL1 ZL2 SC2
SC1 1
U1 RF U2
1 2
RF = fault resistance 2
1
2 R
RF RF 2 F
1 RF X
X
ZL1 ZL2 An Over-reach
ZSC2 (left) or
ZSC1 ZSC2 sinSC2
ZSC1 sinSC1 an Under -reach
(right) is possible.
The grading
SC1 SC2
characteristic must
R R be adapted.
2 1
ZK1 = ZL1 + RF + R ZK2 = ZL1 + RF + RF
1 F 2
Siemens AG 2006
©
Estimation of arc resistance
28700
Worrington formula: R ARC   lm Ohm
IA 1,4
Rough
2500 V/m dm
estimation: R ARC  Ohm
UARC = 2500 V/m I F A 
Phase-to-phase distances
d= 3,5 m (110 kV)
X Variable d= 7 m (220 kV)
R/X-setting d= 11 m (380 kV)
Insulator lengths (long-rod insulator)
R l= 1x1,3 = 1,3 m (110 kV

l= 2x1,3 = 2,6 m (220 kV)
l= 3x1,3 = 3,9 m (380 kV)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Ph-PH-E short-circuit with fault resistances,
Measured loop impedances depending on fault location
12.5 GVA L = 0 12.5 GVA

100 km
X L3-E
D
1 1
L2-L3-E
4 
100 % L2-L3
L2-E
In the case of multiple earth-faults
with fault resistances, complex 50 %
conditions arise for the distance
RTower measurement.
R
A special logic for loop selection is required
(blocking of leading phase (L2-E) to prevent an over-reach)
©
Siemens AG 2006
Loop impedances during Ph-Ph-E short-circuit,
depending on fault resistance to earth and load conditions
500 kV; l =310 km

10 GVA load 10 GVA
X0 X0
=1 =1
X1 D X1
X (Ohm) Ph-Ph-E
200
742 MW
RE
lagging
phase 10 150 RPh = 0
5
15
RE
20
2 RE (Ohm)
30 100
0 2 40 The impedance of the
40 5 10 20 -742 MW leading phase is seen
-742 MW to be too short.
742 MW
leading
phase Phase-Phase loop is
50
nearly measured correctly
(small X-error)
50 100 X (Ohm) ©
Siemens AG 2006
Effective arc resistance „seen“ by the distance relay
with double-sided in-feed (example)
A = 1 kA B U A = I A  ZL + U ARC
UA U ARC
D 6m RARC ZA = = ZL +
IA IA
RARC iARC
 with constant
15 arc voltage uARC
UARC = 2500 V/m
10
with current dependent
arc voltage
5 28 700
RLB = Ohm/m ARC in A
ARC1.4
2 4 6 8 10 kA B
The rate of arc resistance reducing is greater,
if the current increasing is considered
©
Siemens AG 2006
Resultant fault resistance on overhead lines with
earth-wire
IPh phase-
conductors
IE''
earthing
earth-wire(s)
resistance
of the station
R R R R R R R R R
tower footing
resistances
IE'
tower currents
resultant fault resistance

Ph-E E
5

4 RLNW RTF RLNW
60 mm steel wire
2
3
2 On lines with earth-wires the
2 earth-wires, total 60mm2
1
current flows via several parallel
0
tower footing to earth. The
0 50  100 avarage tower
footing resistance resultant phase-earth resistance
which is actually effective, is
substantially reduced.
©
Siemens AG 2006
Quadrilateral characteristic with load cut-out
for high line loadability
• High reach for remote back-up and adapted
arc tolerance (good fault-load discrimination)
2
1 2 RF RF
X 1
RF 1 + 2
D
2
ZF = ZL + RF + RF
1
load
• High arc compensation even with
short lines
R
X X- and R-reach separately
settable at all zones
Quadrilateral characteristic is a good solution

for adapting on high fault resistances.
RF It provide a substantially better resistance coverage
R and arc compensation than circular characteristic.
©
Siemens AG 2006

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Distance Protection: Earth-Faults and

During single phase earth fault:

The short circuit current magnitude depends on the

Measuring errors and non-symmetry may not cause

Normal pick-up: 3I0

During the 1 pole open condition, load current flows

VL1 VL2 VL3

Phase-to-Earth loop: V L1  I L1  RL  jX L   I E  RE  jX E 

Line and earth impedance are measured

Phase-to-Phase loop: V L1 L 2  RL  jX L  I L1  I L 2 

fwd Rfwd Xfwd(Lfwd)

With the measurement of phase to phase voltages and currents the

E = (L1 + L2 + L3)

Calculation of the complex impedance

Residual compensation factor

E = (L1 + L2 + L3)

Separate calculation of the V L1  I L1  RL  jX L   I E  RE  jX E 

Separate residual compensation factors

RE XE This solution is the preferred

Also an additional measuring error in the X-direction

UPh - E = I L RL + j X L  - I E RE + j X E + RF  IL

The fault resistor RF is seen larger

IE1 IE2 UARC/ISC1

U1 I1 · ZL1 + IE1 · ZE1 UARC

ZLE ZL0 - ZL UARC

R l= 1x1,3 = 1,3 m (110 kV

12.5 GVA L = 0 12.5 GVA

500 kV; l =310 km

resultant fault resistance

Quadrilateral characteristic is a good solution

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