ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

GROUP- FOUR ASSIGNMENT

MEMBERS NAME ID NUMBER
1. Tigabu Marew Nega……………….….RNS/927/11
2. Ararsa Merga………………………… RNS 101/11
3. Ebrahim Jambo………………………. RNS 322/11
4. Abebaw Zemedhun……………….….. RNS/025/11
5. Kassahun Agid……………………..….RNS/562/11
6. Aysha Abdul Gefar………………..….. RNS 141/11
7. Suse Taye……………………………. .RNS/879/11
8. Tabu Ketema ……………………..….. RNS/881/11
 Outline

 Cause and effect diagram quality control

 Why use a cause & effect diagram?

 Steps to solve a problem with a cause and effect diagram
 Drawbacks of cause and effect diagram
 Cause and effect diagram quality control
 A Cause-and-Effect Diagram is a tool that helps identify, sort,
and display possible causes of a specific problem or quality
characteristic .it is also referred to as Fishbone diagram
 The cause and effect diagram is used to explore all the
potential or real causes (or inputs) that result in a single effect
(or output). It is developed by kaoru Ishikawa
 Causes are arranged according to their level of importance or
detail, resulting in a description of relationships and hierarchy
of events. This can help you search for origin causes, identify
areas where there may be problems, and compare the relative
importance of different causes.
 The major purpose of the CE Diagram is to act as a first step
in problem solving by generating a comprehensive list of
possible causes.
In the service industry, these are described as the 4Ss:

A. Surroundings. Does your establishment project the right

image? Is it comfortable?
B. Suppliers. Are there any issues delivering your service? Do
you have problems with low quality food deliveries?
C. Systems. Do you have policies and procedures in place for all
scenarios?
D. Skill. Are your employees properly trained? Do they have the
right experience?
 4Ss in service industry

Surroundings Suppliers

The problem

Systems
Skills

Occasionally, a fifth category will be included called "Safety".

In the marketing industry, cause and effect diagrams will often

consist of 7Ps:
Product. Consider all aspects of what you're selling including its
quality, its perceived image, availability, and customer service.
 People. When people buy your product or service they may interact with
many people: sales people, customer service people, delivery people, and so
on.
Process/Procedure. How do you handle problems when they arise? Is your
staff trained appropriately and do they follow their training?

Promotion. Consider advertising, sales, branding, direct marketing,

partnerships, and social media.
Price. How does the price of your product or service compare to
competitors? What payment methods are available?

Physical evidence/Packaging. How is your product or service consumed?

Are your facilities clean and neat? Is the packaging cheap or expensive?

Place/Plant. Is your distribution efficient and cost-effective? Is your

product sold in the right stores or neighborhoods? Are your stores favourable
for your target customers?
In the manufacturing industry, these are referred to as the 6Ms:
1. Methods. Are there well-written and appropriate training
guidelines in place? Are certain policies or regulations causing
slow-downs or creating unnecessary steps?
2. Machines. Are there any maintenance issues with the tools used
or the number of tools available?
3. Materials. Are there any issues getting raw materials from
suppliers? Any problems with transportation (timing) or with the
quality of the supplies?
4. Measurements. Could there be errors in calculation or
contamination that caused false readings? Could the way you
measure be inconsistent in some way? Is your equipment
regularly calibrated and maintained?
5. Mother Nature/Environment. Is there too much moisture in the
environment? Are temperatures too hot or too cold? Is there
excessive dust or other contamination?
6. Manpower/People. Do you have too little of your workforce
dedicated to a process? Are new people adequately trained? Is
the training consistent? Are the right people with the right
experience being hired or promoted?

Cause and effect diagram

 Why Use a Cause & Effect Diagram?

A cause & effect diagram helps to determine the causes of a

problem or quality characteristic using a structured approach.

It encourages group participation and utilizes team knowledge

of the process.

It uses an orderly, easy-to-read format to diagram cause-and-

effect relationships.

It increases knowledge of the process by helping everyone to

learn more about the factors at work and how they relate.

It indicates possible causes of variation in a process and

identifies areas where data should be collected for further study.
 Steps to solve a problem with a Cause and Effect Diagram:
1. Identify the problem:
Write down the exact problem you face in detail.
Where appropriate identify who is involved, what the problem is,
and when and where it occurs.
Write the problem in a box on the left hand side of a large sheet of
paper.
Draw a line across the paper horizontally from the box. This
arrangement, looking like the head and backbone of a fish, gives
you space to develop ideas.
2. Work out the major factors involved:
Next identify the factors that may contribute to the problem. Draw
lines off the spine for each factor, and label it.
These may be people involved with the problem, systems,
equipment, materials, external forces, etc.
 If you are trying to solve the problem as part of a group, then this may
be a good time for some brainstorming.

Using the ‘Fish bone’ analogy, the factors you find can be thought of as
the bones of the fish.

Try to draw out as many possible factors as possible.

3. Identify possible causes:

 For each of the factors you considered in stage 2, brainstorm possible
causes of the problem that may be related to the factor.
 Show these as smaller lines coming off the ‘bones’ of the fish.

 Where a cause is large or complex, then it may be best to break it down

into sub-causes.
 Show these as lines coming off each cause line.
4. Analyze your diagram:
 By this stage you should have a diagram showing all the possible
causes of your problem that you can think of.
 Depending on the complexity and importance of the problem, you
can now investigate the most likely causes further.
 This may involve setting up investigations, carrying out surveys, etc.
 These will be designed to test whether your assessments are correct.
Uses of cause effect diagram in industries:-
Use your diagram to develop a common understanding of the factors
potentially influencing or causing a quality problem.
Use your diagram as a road map for collecting data to verify the
causal relationship of various factors to the characteristic.
Continue to annotate and modify your diagram as you verify
relationships and learn more.
 Drawbacks of cause and effect diagram

 The simplicity of a fishbone diagram can be both its strength

and its weakness.
 As a weakness, the simplicity of the fishbone diagram may
make it difficult to represent the truly interrelated nature of
problems and causes in some very complex situations.
 Unless you have an extremely large space on which to draw and
develop the fishbone diagram, you may find that you are not
able to explore the cause and effect relationships in as much
detail as you would like to.
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