Industrial Network

NETWORK TOPOLOGY

• Pattern of interconnection of different elements of

computers
• “physical” and “logical”
• logical topology is defined by network protocol whereas
physical topology is mainly defined by physical layout of
networking cables and devices.
 Popular physical network
topologies
• Point to point topology
• Bus topology
• Ring topology
• Star topology
• Extended start topology
• Mesh topology
THE OSI NETWORK MODEL

The open system interconnection (OSI) network

model consists of seven different layers:
• Layer 7: Application
• Layer 6: Presentation
• Layer 5: Session
• Layer 4: Transport
• Layer 3: Network
• Layer 2: Data link
• Layer 1: Physical
THE OSI NETWORK MODEL
Layer 7 – Application Layer

• The application layer represents the entry

point for different applications on the
computer or host, which want to send data out
over a network to some other host.

• Telnet and hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)

are examples of layer 7 applications.
Layer 6 – Presentation Layer

• The presentation layer presents data to the

application layer (at the receiving computer)
after translating and formatting the data
received

• Data encryption and decryption are some of

the important tasks of this layer.
Layer 5 – Session Layer

• The communication connection between two

hosts is initiated in the session layer

• This layer is responsible for establishing,

managing, and then closing the sessions
between two hosts.
Layer 4 – Transport Layer

• The transport layer receives data from the session layer, segments
that data into smaller chunks as per network restrictions, and
hands over the segmented data to the next layer.

• This layer is responsible for error detection and recovery and also
controls the flow of the packets.

• Transmission control protocol (TCP) and user datagram protocol

(UDP) are examples of layer 4
protocols
Layer 3 – Network Layer

• The network layer is a complex layer, and the source and destination
addresses are assigned in this
layer.

• Additionally, the network layer utilizes the address resolution protocol

(ARP) protocol to determine the source and destination media access
control (MAC) addresses and pass this information to layer 2 data link
layer.

• Internet protocol (IP) is a widely used example of layer 3 protocol.

Layer 2 – Data Link Layer

• The data link layer enables the physical transmission of data. The data
protocol unit name at data
link layer is Frame.

• This layer mainly works with physical addressing (MAC address) and error
notification. Ethernet, PPP, and Frame Relay, and so on are examples of
layer 2 protocols.

•
Layer 1 – Physical Layer

• The physical layer sends and receives bits and converts the bits into
electrical signal for transmission over the physical network cables.

• The physical layer defnes different attributes such as

maximum transmission distance, voltage levels, and others.
TCP/IP

• TCP/IP was frst developed by U.S. Department of

Defense (DoD) and therefore called TCP/IP model
or DoD model
NETWORK ACCESS LAYER

• It monitors data exchanges between the host and the

network, and defnes how computers access the
physical networking medium similar to OSI layer 1
and 2 (physical and data link layer)
• Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, PPP, FDDI, and the like are
some examples of network access layer
protocols that are supported by TCP/IP
INTERNET LAYER

• The Internet layer comes into picture when hosts are

connected over two different physical networks, that
is, data from one host to another has to be
transferred over multiple physical networks.
TRANSPORT LAYER (HOST-TO-
HOST LAYER)
• Transport layer is also known as host-to-host layer. This layer
accepts data from the upper layer, that is,application layer,
processes it, adds headers, and passes it on to next layer
(Internet layer). Two most commonly used transport layer
protocols are TCP and UDP.
Ethernet hub

• An Ethernet hub is used to connect multiple nodes in

a single LAN using twisted pair cables. Multiple
computers can be connected to a single HUB, which
forms a physical star topology
• Hub is a layer 1 device.
Ethernet switch

• Ethernet switch is a layer 2 networking device

• Switch is an intelligent device. It can read the
Ethernet frame and identify the source and
destination MAC addresses.
Router

• Router is a layer 3 networking device, that is, it can

read layer 3 (IP) packets and identify the source
and destination IP addresses.
OTHERS

• MODBUS
• PROFIBUS
• FIELDBUS
• CANBUS