EKSPONENSIAL KOMPLEK

DAN
FUNGSI EKSPONENSIAL KOMPLEKS

1
 FUNGSI EKSPONENSIAL
• The Exponential Functions
• The Logarithmic Function
• Branches and Derivatives of Logarithms
• Some Identities Involving Logarithms
• Complex Exponents
• Trigonometric Function
• Hyperbolic Functions
• Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

2
Fungsi Exponential kompleks

• The Exponential Function

e  e e , z  x  iy
z x iy

According to the Euler’ Formula

e  cos y  i sin y
iy

e  e cos y  ie sin y
z x x

3
29. The Exponential Function

• Properties
z1  z2
e e e
z1 z2

Let z1  x1  iy1 ; z2  x2 +iy 2

Real value:
x1 x 2 x1  x 2
e x1 +iy1 e x 2 +iy2  (e x1 eiy1 )(e x 2 eiy2 ) e e =e
Refer to pp. 18
 (e e )(e e )
x1 x 2 iy1 iy 2
eiy1 eiy2  ei(y1  y2 )
x1  x 2 i(y1  y2 )
e e
e z1 +z 2 z1  z2  ( x1  x2 )+i ( y1  y 2 )

4
29. The Exponential Function

•Properties
z1
e z1  z2
e z1  z2
e e
z2 z1
z2
e
e

e 0
z2

5
 29. The Exponential Function

• Properties

ez  0 For any complex number z

i
e  e e  re
z x iy
r  ex &  y

r | e z | e x  0 & arg(e z )  y  2n (n  0, 1, 2,...)

z  2 i z 2 i
e e e e z  2 i  e z , e 2 i  cos 2  i sin 2  1

which means that the function ez is periodic, with a pure imaginary

period of 2πi
6
29. The Exponential Function

• Properties

e 0
x
For any real value x

while ez can be a negative value, for instance

ei  cos   i sin   1

7
29. The Exponential Function

• Example
In order to find numbers z = x+iy such that e  1  i
z

i /4
e  e e  2e
z x iy

i /4
e  2 &e  e
x iy

1 
x ln 2 & y   2n , ( n  0, 1, 2,...)
2 4
1 1
z  ln 2  i (  2n), (n  0, 1, 2,...)
2 4

8
30. The Logarithmic Function

• The Logarithmic Function

log z  ln r  i(  2n ), (n  0, 1, 2,...) i

z  re  0

Please note that the Logarithmic Function is the multiple-valued function.

z  rei
It is easy to verify that
ln r  i
ln r  i (  2 ) One to infinite values
ln r  i (  2 )
…

ln r  i (  2 n ) ln r i (  2 n ) i
e log z
e e e  re  z
9
30. The Logarithmic Function

• The Logarithmic Function

log z  ln r  i (  2n ), (n  0, 1, 2,...) z  rei  0

 ln | z | i arg( z )

Suppose that 𝝝 is the principal value of argz, i.e. -π <𝝝 ≤π

Lo g z  ln r  iArg ( z )  ln r  i is single valued.

And
log z  Logz  i 2n , n  0, 1, 2,...

10
30. The Logarithmic Function

• Example 1
log(1  3i)  ?

i ( 2 /3)
log(1  3i)  log(2e )
2
 ln 2  i(  2n ), n  0, 1, 2...
3

11
30. The Logarithmic Function

• Example 2 & 3

log1  ln1  i(0  2n )  2n i, n  0, 1, 2,...

Log1  0

log(1)  ln1  i(  2n )  (2n  1) i, n  0, 1, 2,...

Log (1)   i

12
31. Branches and Derivatives of
Logarithms
• The Logarithm Function

where 𝝝 =Arg z, is multiple-valued.

log z  ln r  i arg(  2n ), n  0, 1, 2,...
If we let θ is any one of the value in arg(z), and let α denote any real
number and restrict the value of θ so that

The above function becomes single-valued.

      2
With components

log z  ln r  i , (r  0,       2 )

u (r ,  )  ln r & v( r ,  )  
13
31. Branches and Derivatives of
Logarithms
The Logarithm Function
log z  ln r  i , (r  0,       2 )

is not only continuous but also analytic throughout the

domain r  0,       2

A connected open set

  ?

14
31. Branches and Derivatives of
Logarithms
• The derivative of Logarithms

log z  ln r  i , (r  0,       2 )
u (r ,  )  ln r & v(r ,  )  

rur  v & u  rvr

d  i  i 1 1 1
log z  e (ur  ivr )  e (  i 0)  i 
dz r re z

d 1
L og z 
dz z

15
31. Branches and Derivatives of
Logarithms
• Examples
When the principal branch is considered, then

Log (i 3 )  Log (i )

 
 ln1  i   i
2 2
And

 3
3Log (i )  3(ln1  i )  i
2 2

Log (i 3 )  3Log (i )

16
32. Some Identities Involving
Logarithms
log( z1 z2 )  log z1  log z2
where z1  r1ei1  0 & z2  r2ei2  0
log( z1 z2 )  log(r1ei1 r2ei2 )  ln(r1r2 )  i (1   2  2n )
 ln r1  ln r2  i (1  2n1 )  i ( 2  2n2 )
 [ln r1  i (1  2n1 )]  [ln r2  i ( 2  2n2 )]
 (ln | z1 | i arg z1 )  (ln | z2 | i arg z2 )
 log z1  log z2 n  n1  n2
z1
log( )  log( z1 z21 )  log z1  log z21  log z1  log z2
z2
17
32. Some Identities Involving
Logarithms
• Example
z1  z2  1

log( z1 z2 )  log(1)  2n i

log( z1 )  log( z2 )  log(1)  (2n  1) i

log z1  log z2  (2n1  1) i  (2n2  1) i  2(n1  n2  1) i

 2n i  log( z1 z2 ) n  n1  n2  1

18
32. Some Identities Involving
Logarithms

When z ≠ 0, then

z n  e n log z (n  0, 1, 2,...)

1
log z
z1/ n  e n
(n  1, 2,3...)

z c  e c log z Where c is any complex number

19
33. Complex Exponents

• Complex Exponents
When z≠0 and the exponent c is any complex number,
the function zc is defined by means of the equation

z e
c c log z

where logz denotes the multiple-valued logarithmic

function. Thus, zc is also multiple-valued.

The principal value of zc is defined by

z e
c cL og z

20
 33. Complex Exponents

If z  rei and α is any real number, the branch

log z  ln r  i (r  0,       2 )
Of the logarithmic function is single-valued and analytic in the indicated domain.
When the branch is used, it follows that the function

z c  exp(c log z )
is single-valued and analytic in the same domain.

d c d c
z  exp(c log z )  exp(c log z )
dz dz z

21
33. Complex Exponents

• Example 1

2 i
i  exp(2i log i )
 1
log i  ln1  i(  2n )  (2n  ) i, ( n  0, 1, 2,...)
2 2

i 2 i
 exp[(4n  1) ], (n  0, 1, 2,...)

Note that i-2i are all real numbers

22
33. Complex Exponents

• Example 2
The principal value of (-i)i is

 
exp(iLog (i ))  exp(i(ln1  i ))  exp
2 2

i 
P.V. i  exp
2

23
33. Complex Exponents
• Example 3
The principal branch of z2/3 can be written
2 2 2 2
exp( Logz )  exp( ln r  i)  r exp(i
3 2
)
3 3 3 3

Thus
2
2 3 2 2
P. z  r cos
3 3 2
 i r sin
3 3
V.
This function is analytic in the domain r>0, -π<𝝝<π

24
33. Complex Exponents
• Example 4

Consider the nonzero complex numbers

z1  1  i, z2  1  i & z3  1  i
When principal values are considered

( z1 z2 )  2  e
i i iLog 2
e i ln 2 ( z2 z3 )i  (2)i  eiLog（-2）  e ei ln 2

iLog (1 i )  /4 i (ln 2)/2 ( z1 z2 )i  z1i z2i

z e
1
i
e e
z2i  eiLog (1i )  e /4ei (ln 2)/2 ( z2 z3 )i  z2i z3i e 2
z3i  eiLog ( 1i )  e3 /4ei (ln 2)/2
25
 33. Complex Exponents

• The exponential function with base c

c e
z z log c

Based on the definition, the function cz is multiple-valued.

And the usual interpretation of ez (single-valued) occurs when the principal
value of the logarithm is taken. The principal value of loge is unity.

When logc is specified, cz is an entire function of z.

d z d z log c
c  e  e z log c log c  c z log c
dz dz

26
34. Trigonometric Functions

• Trigonometric Functions

Based on the Euler’s Formula

eix  cos x  i sin x & e  ix  cos x  i sin x

eix  e  ix eix  e ix

sin x  & cos x 
2i 2 Here x and y are real numbers

eiz  e  iz eiz  e  iz
sin z  & cos z  Here z is a complex number
2i 2

27
34. Trigonometric Functions

• Trigonometric Functions

eiz  e iz eiz  e  iz

sin z  & cos z 
2i 2

Both sinz and cosz are entire since they are linear combinations
of the entire Function eiz and e-iz

d d
sin z  cos z & cos z   sin z
dz dz

28
35. Hyperbolic Functions

• Hyperbolic Function

e z  e z e z  e z
sinh z  , cosh z 
2 2

Both sinhz and coshz are entire since they are linear combinations
of the entire Function eiz and e-iz

d d
sinh z  cosh z, cosh z  sinh z
dz dz

29
35. Hyperbolic Functions

• Hyperbolic v.s. Trgonometric

i sinh(iz )  sin z & cosh(iz )  cos z

i sin(iz )  sinh z & cos(iz )  cosh z

30
 36. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions

In order to define the inverse sin function sin-1z, we write

w  sin 1 z When sin w  z
eiw  e iw
sin w  z  (eiw ) 2  2iz (eiw )  1  0
2i
eiw  iz  (1  z 2 )1/2
w  sin 1 z  i log(iz  (1  z 2 )1/2 )
Similar, we get cos 1 z  i log( z  i (1  z 2 )1/2 )
i
1 iz Multiple-valued functions.
tan z  lo g One to infinite many values
2 iz
Note that when specific branches of the square root and logarithmic functions are used,
all three Inverse functions become single-valued and analytic.
31
36. Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions

• Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

sinh 1 z  log[ z  ( z 2  1)1/2 ]

cosh 1 z  log[ z  ( z 2  1)1/2 ]

11 1 z
tanh z  log
2 1 z

32