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 Circles
* Circles
I
figure made
by points
all the which are at the same
distance
from a
fsied point is called a circle .

* Centre
known the centre
The
fisiud point is as
of the circle .

* Radius
the circle the
The distance
from any point on to
fscid point is the radius .

line the centre the circle

Any
is known
segment the
as
which
Radius
joins
.
and
any point
on

* Chord
the
buy
circle
line
is segment made
called bhoed
by joining any
two
points on the
boundary of
.

* Diameter
the radius It is the chord the
Diameter
circle
is
- two times .

the centre longest the

on

diameters have
which passes
through .
All
same
length .

*
Circumference
the circle is called
bircunference of the
length of
circle .
the
boundary of the
* Are
An arc is the
part of the circle
joining
two
points on the

circumference of the inch .

* Sector
An area made
by an arc and two radii
of the circle ,
by
 the centre to the
joining endpoints of the arc is called Sector .

*
segmentmade
An
called
area
by a chord and an arc
of the circle is

segment .

* Circle and line in a

plane
For a circle and a line on a
plane ,
there can be s

possibilities be
it
they can non
intersecting
-

this the line

it
they
touches
can have
the circle
a
single inmon point : in case ,

have
They can two common
points :
 STEEG &
Bagot p
!
E
> c
a
P A
L
°

lil
Intersecting Touching Non -

Intersecting
*
Tangent
When line touches the circle that
a

then
in such
that line is
a
way they have

only one common

point called a
Tangent
That common
point is called the
point of contact

> Q
P
L

* secant
when a line intersect a circle in such a that there
way
are two common points then that line is called Secant . .

'

A
•
g
B
.
"
p
The circle perpendicular
the
tangent to a is to the radius
through
point of contact

op IAB

A P
: B

lies outside the circle there

when the
point ofcircle ,

The
are

accurately two two

tangents
to a
through
esteemed
it .

length of
the
tangents from an
point to a

circle are
equal .

O
P PA = PB

*
Properties of Tangent to Circle :

that at circle
any point of
Theorems Prove the
tangent
:
a

is
perpendicular
contact
to the radius
through the

point of
the circle with
Given : Xy is
O
a
tangent
at
point P to centre
.

To Prove : OP IXY

foustuuctions Take Q
:
a
point on XY other than P and
join OQ
 Proof :
If point
become
on lies
secant
inside
and
the
not
circle ,
then we will
the circle
tangent
a a to

OQ > op

x'
'

p Q
y

this
happens with
every point
on the line XY
erupt the
the the distances the
point P .
op is shortest
of all
of point
0 to the
points of xy .

OP txt [ Shortest side is the

perpendicular]
Theorem 2 :
A line drawn
perpendicular
through
it
the
the
end
point of aradius and
the circle
to
,
is
tangent to

circle do line
Given : A
op is the radius
,
a ) and a APB is
perpendicular to op
,
where

To Prove : AB is
tangent at P .

boustruction : Jake a
point Q on the line AB ,
different from P and
join 09 .

OP Log Off > OP

f
' '

a g B
 The Q lies outside the circle
point .

point other than P lies outside the circle

Therefore
This shows
every that ,
on AB
,

the
,

at
.

AB meets circle point P .

Hence to the circle

,
AP is a
tangent at P .

Theorem 3 :
Prove that the
circle
lengths of tangents drawn
from an external
point to
a are
equal .

Given : PT and
with centre
Ps
0
are

.
tangents from an escternal
point P to the circle

To Prove : PT =
Ps

boustruction
aged
:
Join 0 to P
,
T s

÷
O

Proof : In o OTP and Dos P

the ]
OT =
Os . . . [ radii
of
bowmen
same circle
op = OP . . . [ ]
L OTP =
LOSP . . . [ each 90 ]
O OTP =
DOSP . . . [ RHS]
PT = Ps . . . [ c.
p . c. t]
.
* If two drawn to
then :
tangents are a circle
from an external point ,

subtend equal angles at the centre

They ie 21=22
→ .

inclined
They equally to the
segment joining the centre to
→
are

that
point ie .

<3 =
24
LOAD =
LO AQ
p
L

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Previous Year Questions

1. If the angle between two tangents drawn from an external

point P to a circle of radius a and centre O, is 60°, then
find the length of OP.
[1M, 2017]
A1. Given, ∠APB = 60°
∠APO = 30°

In right angle ΔOAP,

OP/OA = cosec 30°
⇒ OP/a = 2
⇒ OP = 2a

2. In the given figure, PQ R is a tangent at a point C to a

circle with centre O. If AB is a diameter and ∠CAB = 30°.
Find ∠PCA.
[1M, 2016]
A2.
 ∠ACB = 90° …[Angle in the semi-circle
In ∆ABC,
∠CAB + ∠ACB + ∠CBA = 180°
30 + 90° + ∠CBA = 180°
∠CBA = 180° – 30° – 90° = 60°
∠PCA = ∠CBA …[Angle in the alternate segment
∴ ∠PCA = 60°

3. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle

at its centre. Calculate the length of the chord (in cm)
[1M, 2014]
A3. AB2 = OA2 + OB2 …[Pythagoras’ theorem

AB2 = 102 + 102

AB2 = 2(10)2
AB = 10√2 cm
4. In the given figure, a circle touches the side DF of AEDF at
H and touches ED and EF produced at K&M respectively.
If EK = 9 cm, calculate the perimeter of AEDF (in cm).
[1M, 2012]
A4.

Perimeter of ∆EDF
= 2(EK) = 2(9) = 18 cm

5. In the given figure, AP, AQ and BC are tangents to the

circle. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 4 cm, then
calculate the length of AP (in cm).
[1M, 2018]
A5.
 2AP = Perimeter of ∆
2AP = 5 + 6 + 4 = 15 cm
AP = 15/2 = 7.5 cm

6. Find the perimeter (in cm) of a square circum scribing a

circle of radius a cm.
[1M, 2015]
A6.

Radius = R
AB = a + a = 2a
∴ Perimeter = 4(AB)
 = 4(2a)
= 8a cm

7. In the given figure, the sides AB, BC and CA of a triangle

ABC touch a circle at P, Q and R respectively. If PA = 4
cm, BP = 3 cm and AC = 11 cm, find the length of BC (in
cm).

[1M, 2012]
A7.

AP = AR = 4 cm
RC = 11 – 4 = 7 cm
RC = QC = 7 cm
BQ = BP = 3 cm
BC = BQ + QC
= 3 + 7 = 10 cm
8. If radii of two concentric circles are 4 cm and 5 cm, then
the length of each chord of one circle which is tangent to
the other circle is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 3 cm
b) 6 cm
c) 9 cm
d) 1 cm

A8. b) 6cm

9. In figure, if ∠AOB = 125°, then ∠COD is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 62.5°
b) 45°
 c) 35°
d) 55°

A9. d) 55°

10. In figure, AB is a chord of the circle and AOC is its

diameter such that ∠ACB = 50°. If AT is the tangent to the
circle at the point A, then ∠BAT is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 65°
b) 50°
c) 60°
d) 40°

A10. c) 60°
11. From a point P which is at a distance of 13 cm from the
centre O of a circle of radius 5 cm, the pair of tangents PQ
and PR to the circle are drawn. Then the area of the
quadrilateral PQOR is
[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 60 cm2
b) 65 cm2
c) 30 cm2
d) 32.5 cm2

A11. a) 60 cm2

12. In figure, AT is a tangent to the circle with centre O such

that 07 = 4 cm and ∠OTA = 30°. Then AT is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 4 cm
b) 2 cm
c) 2√3 cm
d) 4√3 cm

A12. 2√3 cm
13. In figure, if O is the centre of a circle, PQ is a chord and
the tangent PR at P makes an angle of 500 with PQ, then
∠POQ is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 100°
b) 80°
c) 90°
d) 75°

A13. 100°
14. In figure, if PA and PB are tangents to the circle with
centre O such that ∠APB = 50°, then ∠OAB is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 25°
b) 30°
c) 40°
d) 50°

A14. a) 25°

15. In figure, if PQR is the tangent to a circle at Q whose

centre is O, AB is a chord parallel to PR and ∠BQR = 70°,
then ∠AQB is equal to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) 20°
b) 40°
c) 35°
 d) 45°

A15. b) 40°

16. If two tangents inclined at an angle 60° are drawn to a

circle of radius 3 cm, then length of each tangent is equal
to

[NCERT Exemplar]
a) (3/2).(√3) cm
b) 6 cm
c) 3 cm
d) 3√3 cm

A16. d) 3√3 cm
 17. A circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral
ABCD. Prove that AB + CD = BC + DA
[2M, 2017]
A17. Given, a quad. ABCD and a circle touch it’s all four
sides at P, Q, R, and S respectively.

To prove: AB + CD = BC + DA
Now, L.H.S. = AB + CD
= AP + PB + CR + RD
= AS + BQ + CQ + DS (Tangents from same external .
. point are always equal)
= (AS + SD) + (BQ + QC)
= AD + BC
= R.H.S.
Hence Proved.

18. Prove that tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a

circle are parallel to each other
[2M, 2018]
A18. Given, PQ is a diameter of a circle with centre O.
The lines AB and CD are tangents at P and Q . .
. respectively.
To Prove: AB || CD
 Proof: AB is a tangent to the circle at P and OP is the
radius through the point of contact
∠OPA = 90°
Similarly, CD is a tangent to circle at Q and
OQ is radius through the point of contact
∠OQD = 90°
⇒ ∠OPA = ∠OQD
But both form pair of alternate angles
AB || CD
Hence Proved

19. In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle

from an external point P. CD is another tangent touching
the circle at Q. If PA = 12 cm, QC = QD = 3 cm, then find
PC + PD

[2M, 2016]
 A19. Given, PA = PB = 12 cm [Tangent from external point]
AC = CQ = 3 cm
BD = QD = 3 cm [Tangent from external point]

So, PC + PD = (PA – AC) + (PB – BD)

= (12 – 3) + (12 – 3)
= 9 + 9 = 18 cm

20. In the figure, AB and CD are common tangents to two

circles of unequal radii.

[2M, 2014]
A20. Construction: Extend AB and CD to meet at a point P
 Now, PA and PC are tangents of circle with centre O
So, PA = PC …..(i)
PB and PD are tangent on circle with centre O’
So, PB = PD ….(ii)
On subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i),
PA – PB = PC – PD
AB = CD
Hence Proved

21. In Figure 3, PQ and RS are two parallel tangents to a

circle with centre O and another tangent AB with the point
of contact C intersecting PQ at A and RS at B. Prove that
∠AOB = 90°.

[3M, 2019]
A21. Given, PQ || RS
To prove: ∠AOB = 90°
 Construction: Join O and C, D and E
In ∆ODA and ∆OCA
OD = OC (radii of circle)
OA = OA (common)
AD = AC (tangent drawn from the same point)
By SSS congruency
∆ODA = ∆OCA
Then, ∠DOA = ∠AOC …(i)
Similarly, in ∆EOB and ∆BOC, we have
∆EOB = ∆BOC
∠EOB = ∠BOC …(ii)
EOD is a diameter of the circle,
therefore it is a straight line.
Hence, ∠DOA + ∠AOC + ∠EOB + ∠BOC = 180°
⇒ 2(∠AOC) + 2(∠BOC) = 180°
⇒ ∠AOC + ∠BOC = 90°
⇒ ∠AOB = 90°.
Hence Proved.

22. In Fig. PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5

cm and centre O. The tangents at P and Q intersect at
point T. Find the length of TP
 [3M, 2019]
A22. Join OT, let it intersect PQ at the point R
Now, ΔTPQ is an isosceles triangle and TO is the
angle bisector of ∠PTQ.
So, OT ⊥ PQ and therefore, OT bisects PQ
 PR = RQ = 4 cm

23. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an

external point of a circle are equal.
[3M, 2018]
 A23. Given: A circle with centre O on which two tangents PM
and PN are drawn from an external point P.

To Prove: PM = PN
Construction: Join OM, ON and OP
Proof: Since tangent and radius are perpendicular at
point of contact,
∠OMP = ∠ONP = 90°
In ΔPOM and ΔPON,
OM = ON (Radii)
∠OMP = ∠ONP
PO = OP (Common)
ΔOMP = ΔONP (RHS cong.)
PM = PN (C.P.C.T)
Hence Proved

24. Prove that the tangents drawn at the endpoints of a

chord of a circle make equal angles with the chord
[3M, 2017]
A24. Given, a circle of radius OA and centred at O with
chord AB and tangents PQ & RS are drawn from point A and B
respectively.
 Draw OM ⊥ AB, and join OA and OB.
In ∆OAM and ∆OMB,
OA = OB (Radii)
OM = OM (Common)
∠OMA = ∠OMB (Each 90°)
∆OAM = ∆OMB (By R.H.S. Congruency)
∠OAM = ∠OBM (C.PC.T.)
Also, ∠OAP = ∠OBR = 90° (Line joining point of
. contact of tangent to centre is perpendicular on it)
On addition,
∠OAM + ∠OAP = ∠OBM + ∠OBR
⇒ ∠PAB = ∠RBA
⇒ ∠PAQ – ∠PAB = ∠RBS – ∠RBA
⇒ ∠QAB = ∠SBA
Hence Proved.

25. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with

centre O from an external point T. Prove that ∠PTQ = 2
∠OPQ
[3M, 2016]
A25. Given, a circle with centre O, an external point T and
two tangents TP and TQ.
 Let ∠PTQ = θ

To Prove: ∠PTQ = 2∠OPQ

Proof: TP = TQ [Tangent from an external point]
So ΔTPQ is an isosceles triangle
∠TPQ = ∠TQP [Angle opposite to equal sides of a Δ]
So, ∠TPQ = ∠TQP = 1/2 (180° – θ) = 90° – θ/2
But, ∠TPO = 90° [Angle between tangent and radius]
∠OPQ = ∠OPT – ∠TPQ = 90° – (90° – θ/2)
= θ/2 = 1/2 ∠PTQ
Or ∠PTQ = 2∠OPQ
Hence Proved

26. From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn

to a circle with centre O. If ∠PAB = 50° then find ∠AOB.
[3M, 2016]
A26.
27. In Fig. 2, a circle is inscribed in a ΔABC, such that it
touches the sides AB, BC and CA at points D, E and F
respectively. If the lengths of sides AB, BC and CA are 12
cm, 8 cm and 10 cm respectively, find the lengths of AD,
 BC and CF.

[3M, 2016]
A27.
28. In Fig. 3, AP and BP are tangents to a circle with centre
O, such that AP = 5 cm and ∠APB = 60°. Find the length
of chord AB.

[3M, 2018]
A28.
29. In Fig. 8, O is the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm. T is a
point such that OT 13 cm and OT intersects circle at E. If
AB is a tangent to the circle at E, find the length of AB,
where TP and TQ are two tangents to the circle.

[4M, 2018]
A29.
30. Prove that the lengths of two tangents drawn from an
external point to a circle are equal
[4M, 2017]
A30. Given, a circle with centre O and external point P. |
Two tangents PA and PB are drawn.

To Prove: PA = PB
Construction: Join radius OA and OB also join O to P.
 Proof: In ∆OAP and ∆OBP,
OA = OB (Radii)
∠A = ∠B (Each 90°)
OP = OP (Common)
∆AOP = ∆BOP (RHS cong.)
PA = PB [By C.PC.T.]
Hence Proved

31. In the given figure, XY and XY are two parallel tangents

to a circle with centre O and another tangent AB with a
point of contact C, is intersecting XY at A and X’Y’ at B.
Prove that ∠AOB = 90°

[4M, 2019]
A31. Given, XX’ & YY’ are parallel.
Tangent AB is another tangent which touches the
. circle at C.
 To prove: ∠AOB = 90°
Construction: Join OC.
Proof: In ∆OPA and ∆OCA,
OP = OC (Radii)
∠OPA = ∠OCA (Radius ⊥ Tangent)
OA = OA (Common)
∆OPA = ∆OCA (CPCT)
∠1 = ∠2 …(i)

Similarly, ∆OQB = ∆OCB

∠3 = ∠4 …(ii)
Also, POQ is a diameter of circle
∠POQ = 180° (Straight angle)
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 = 180°
From eq. (i) and (ii),
∠2 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠3 = 180°
⇒ 2(∠2 + ∠3) = 180°
⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 90°
Hence, ∠AOB = 90°
Hence Proved.

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion

(A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) . Mark the correct
choice as:
a. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
 b. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but
reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
c. Assertion (A) is correct, reason (R) is incorrect
d. Assertion (A) is incorrect, reason (R) is correct

32. Assertion (A)

At point P of a circle with centre O and radius 12 cm, a
tangent PQ of length 16 cm is drawn. Then, OQ = 20 cm.

Reason (R)
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the
radius through the point of contact.

A32. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and
. reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

33. Assertion (A)

If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an external point,
they subtend equal angles at the centre.

Reason (R)
A parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.

A33. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but .
. reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.