Introduction to Digital

Electronics
 Introduction
Digital Circuits are electronic circuits that are mode of electronic
switches which are either ON or OFF.
Digital circuits were initially designed using Relays which are
electromechanical devices.
The development of Vacuum tubes led to the development of purely
electrical switching circuits.
Invention of the transistor in 1948 further revolutionized the field
through miniaturization and large scale integration.
Digital circuits process/handle discrete values instead of continuous
values.
 Number Systems

Number System Base No. of Digits Possible Digits

Decimal 10 10 0–9
Binary 2 2 0, 1
Octal 8 8 0–7
0 – 9,
Hexadecimal 16 16
A– F
 Position-Based Number System
In a position-based number system, the position of each digit in the
number has certain “weight” associated with that position.
The weight of each position is given by the formula

e.g. the number the weight of each digit position is given by

Digit Position 3 2 1 0
Weight
 Position-Based Number System
The number is formed by multiplying each digit with its corresponding
weight and summing up the products of all the digits

Binary numbers are based on base = 2.

Binary numbers are represented in exactly the same manner, each bit in
a binary number has its own associated weight.

Digit Position 3 2 1 0
Weight
 Position-Based Number System
The binary number represents

Sum up the weights of the bits whose values are 1.

Weight 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
bits 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
 Number Systems
Decimal Octal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal Octal Hexadecimal Binary
0 0 0 0 9 11 9 1001
1 1 1 1 10 12 A 1010
2 2 2 10 11 13 B 1011
3 3 3 11 12 14 C 1100
4 4 4 100 13 15 D 1101
5 5 5 101 14 16 E 1110
6 6 6 110 15 17 F 1111
7 7 7 111 16 20 10 10000
8 10 8 1000 17 21 11 10001
 Number Conversions
2 135 16 135
2 67 – 1 8–7
2 33 – 1
2 16 – 1
16 376
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2 8–0
2 4–0 16 23 – 8
2 2–0 1–7
2 1–0
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Decimal to Binary Decimal to Hexadecimal
 Number Conversions
Conversion from binary to Hexadecimal
Starting from the right group the bits in pairs of four
Assign weights to each bit
Sum the weights of the bits with value ‘1’
Replace the resulting number with the equivalent hexadecimal value

11001101 11001101
Weight 8 4 2 1 Weight 8 4 2 1
bit 1 1 0 0 bit 1 1 0 1
Sum 12 Sum 13
Hexadecimal C Hexadecimal D
 Number Conversions
Conversion from binary to Hexadecimal
What if the digits cannot be grouped in groups of four bits?

111101 111101 = 3D
Conversion from Hexadecimal to Binary
Replace each hexadecimal number by its equivalent binary

1111011101001 1111011101001 1EE9