MUD-2

PRESENTATION BY:

KASHISH UPADHYAY

DHRUVA PATEL

YANA AVAIYA

PIYAM DAVE
 INTRODUCTION

• MUD HAS BEEN THE MOST ESSENTIAL OF BUILDING MATERIALS

SINCE THE DAWN OF THE MAN.
• APPROXIATELY 58% OF ALL BUILDINGDS IN INDIA ARE MUD
BRICK AND A GROWING CONSTRUCTIONS IN INDIA.
• MUD IS A BUILDING MATERIAL WHICH HAS ALREADY BEING
TENSTED AND TRIED FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS.
• IT IS USED IN MODERN DAY CONSTRUCTION AND THE METHOD
OF USING IS VERY DIFFERENT.
• MUD HAS ITS OWN LIMITATIONS WHICH CAN BE OVERCOME.
 MUD WALL CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES

• MUD CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES CAN BROADLY

BE DIVIDED INTO FIVE TYPES.
1. RAMMED EARTH
2. WATTLE AND DAUB
3. ADOBE CONSTRUCTION
4. COB WALL CONSTRUCTION
5. EARTHBAG CONSTRUCTION
 ANCIENT TECHNIQUES

• RAMMED EARTH DATES BACK THOUSANDS OF

YEARS MANY URABIYAN CASTLES AND THW GREAT
WALL OF CHINA BUILD USING THIS TECHNOLOGY.
• AS THE NAME IMTLIES, REAMMED EARTH
CONSTRUCTION IN WALLS INVOLVES THEY USE OF
COMPRESSED EARTH.
• A MIXER OF EARTH CONSISTING OF THE RIGHT
AMMOUNT OF SAND, GRAVEL AND CLAY IS POURED
INTO A MOULD OR FORMWORK.
• THIS EARTH MIXTURE IS REAMMED UNTILL IT
BECOMES ROCK SOILED SOLID.
• WHEN PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED, RAMMED EARTH
WALLS CAN RESIST THE VARIOUS ONSLAUGHTS O
NATURE OR VERRY LONG TIME.
 SOIL MIXTURE

• THE IDIAL SOIL MIXTURE OR RAMMED • THERE IS NO EXISTING FIXED

EARTH CONSISTS OF CLAY, SAND AND FORMULA FOR THE MIXTURE SINCE
GRAVEL UP TO A SIZE OF 3CM. SOIL DIFFERS FROM ONE PLACE TO
• SAND AND GRAVEL PROVIDE THE ANOTHER.
STRUCTURAL STRENGTH WHEREAS • EVERY TYPES OF SOIL HAS TO BE
CLAY IS THE GLUE WHICH HOLDS THE ANALYSED, AND SAND AND GRAVEL
MIXTURE TOGATHER. ADDED ACCORDING TO ITS CLAY
• CEMENT REPLACED THE FUNCTION OF CONTANT.
THE CLAY AS THE GLUE IN MODERN
AGE.
• ALMOST EVERY SOIL IS SUITABLE FOR
REAMMED EARTH.
• THE AIM IS TO USED LOCAL SOIL FOR
THE MIXTURE.
 HOW TO BUILD A RAMMED EARTH
WALL?

• TO CREAT THESE WALLS, A MOULD IS NEEDED WHICH HELPS TO DEFIND THE

SHAPE O THE WALL.
• WE USE STRAIGHT BAMBOO PANELS THAT GIVES US SMOOTH AND STRAITGH
WALLS.
• EVEN THOUGH IT IS NOT NECESSARY, SOME CONTRUCTORS PREFER TO
STABILIZE THE MIXTURE WITH CEMENT.
• TRADITIONAL STABILIZERS MAY INCLUDE ANIMAL BLOOD AND LIMESTONE.
• PRIOR TO THE COMPACTION,THE MOULD IS ILLED WITH SLIGHTLY MOIST SOIL
UO TO A LAYER HEIGHT OF BETWEEN CM TO 15CM.
• TO COMPACT THE SOIL WE TRADITIONALLY USE A STAMPER THAT CONSISTS O A
HEAVY FOOT (BETWEEN 3KG – 8KG OF STEEL, WOOD OR STONE) AND A HANDLE.
• BY CCONTINUOUSLY LIFTING THE STAMPER AND LETTING IT HIT THE SOIL, A COMPACTION
OF UP TO 50% IS THE DESIRED REULTS.
• THE MOMENT THE TOP O THE MOULD ID REACHED, THE MOULD CAN BE REMOVED AND SET
AGAIN ON TOP O THE CREATED WALL TO GO HIGHER, OR ON THE SIDE TO ELONGATE THE
WALL HORIZONTALLY.
 CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

• In order to test the thermal behavior, two experimental

cubicle-shape buildings were built in Barcelona and
Puigverd de Lleida (Spain)
• Temperature profiles inside walls have been monitored
using thermocouples and temperature profile of southern
walls was analysed in free floating conditions during
summer and winter periods of 2013.
• Results show that thermal amplitude from outside to inside
temperatures are decreased by rammed earth walls,
achieving constant temperatures in inner surface of
southern walls.
 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP OF BARCELONA AND
PUIGVERD DE LLEIDA CHARACTERISTICS

Climate Mediterranean central Mediterranean

coast  continental 
Annual number of 573 1230
heating degree days
Annual number of 354 423
cooling degree days 
Average summer 21.1°C  22.6°C 
temperatures 
Average summer 12.2 °C  8°C 
temperatures 
 WATTLE AND DAUB

• Wattle and daub, in building construction, method of constructing walls

in which vertical wooden stakes, or wattles, are woven with horizontal
twigs and branches, and then daubed with clay or mud. This method is
one of the oldest known for making a weatherproof structure.
• The most common styled house of the Mississippi Indians was the
wattle and daub house. Constructed of wooden poles, small limbs, clay,
and grass, these houses often only had one room which positioned a
fire pit in the middle of the room and benches along the perimeter of
the structure
• Wattle and daub buildings has proved to be effective in the hot and dry
climate of the region, as it provides a lot of freedom in terms of
openings and ventilation.
 CONSTRUCTION METHODS

• The wattle is made by weaving thin branches

(either whole, or more usually split) or slats
between upright stakes.
• The wattle may be made as loose panels,
slotted between timber framing to make infill
panels, or made in place to form the whole of
a wall. In different regions, the material of
wattle can be different.
• For example, at the Mitchell Site on the
northern outskirts of the city of Mitchell,
South Dakota,
• Daub is usually created from a mixture of ingredients
from three categories: binders, aggregates and
reinforcement.
• Binders hold the mix together and can include
clay, lime, chalk dust and limestone dust. Aggregates
give the mix its bulk and dimensional stability through
materials such as mud, sand, crushed chalk and crushed
stone.
• Reinforcement is provided by straw, hair, hay or other
fibrous materials, and helps to hold the mix together as
well as to control shrinkage and provide flexibility. 
• The daub may be mixed by hand, or by treading –
either by humans or livestock. It is then applied to the
wattle and allowed to dry, and often
then whitewashed to increase its resistance to rain.
 EXAMPLES

Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico. 

Observation tower, Negenoord,

Belgium