STATISTICAL

ANALYSIS
PRESENTED BY BREEHA SANA
Statistical Analysis
• Statistical analysis is the collection and interpretation of
data in order to uncover patterns and trends. It is a
component of data analytics. Statistical analysis can be used in
situations like gathering research interpretations,designing
surveys and studies.
Types of statistical analysis
• The two main types of statistical analysis and methodologies
are descriptive and inferential. However, there are other types
that also deal with many aspects of data including data
collection, prediction, and planning.
• The descriptive statistic is used to describe! It describes the
basic features of information and shows or summarizes data in
a rational way.
• The inferential type of statistical analysis is used to study the
relationships between variables within a sample, and you can
make conclusions, generalizations or predictions about a bigger
population
Statistical Design
• The statistical design is the translation of a substantive
business question of interest into an experiment with a well-
defined statistical model that allows the use of data in a
decision-making process in the presence of uncertainty.
• A statistical design can include many elements, such as: well-
defined hypotheses, statistical test, as well as any corrections
(p- value adjustment).
Purpose of implementation of statistical
analysis
• Statistical methods involved in carrying out a study include
planning, designing, collecting data, analysing, drawing
meaningful interpretation and reporting of the research
findings. The statistical analysis gives meaning to the
meaningless numbers, thereby breathing life into a lifeless
data.
Student t-test
• Student’s t-test, in statistics, a method of
testing hypothesis about the mean of a small sample drawn
from a normally distributed population when the
population standard deviation is unknown.
• It is usual first to formulate a null hypothesis, which states that there is
no effective difference between the observed sample mean and the
hypothesized or stated population.
• In general, a t-test may be either two-sided (also termed two-tailed),
stating simply that the means are not equivalent, or one-sided,
specifying whether the observed mean is larger or smaller than the
hypothesized mean.
• The test statistic t is then calculated. If the observed t-statistic is more
extreme than the critical value determined by the appropriate reference
distribution, the null hypothesis is rejected.
• The appropriate reference distribution for the t-statistic is
the t distribution. The critical value depends on the significance level of
the test
• For example, suppose a researcher wishes to test the hypothesis
that a sample of size n = 25 with mean x = 79 and standard
deviation s = 10 was drawn at random from a population with
mean μ = 75 and unknown standard deviation. Using the
formula for the t-statistic,the calculated t equals 2. For a two-
sided test at a common level of significance α = 0.05, the critical
values from the t distribution on 24 degrees of freedom are
−2.064 and 2.064. The calculated t does not exceed these values,
hence the null hypothesis cannot be rejected with 95 percent
confidence. (The confidence level is 1 − α.)
Chi square test
• What is a Chi-square test?
• A Chi-square test is a hypothesis testing method. A chi-square
test is a statistical test used to compare observed results with
expected results.
Why we done statistical analysis
• The goal of statistical analysis is to identify trends. A retail
business, for example, might use statistical analysis to find
patterns in unstructured and semi-structured customer data that
can be used to create a more positive customer experience and
increase sales.
Computers and Pharmacy
• Right now computers and pharmacy go hand in hand.
• Drug and patient database management; order entry systems;
drug information; billing; purchasing; automated dispensing
units; and on and ON!
• Today we can exchange health information and provide
services across geographic, time and social boundaries.
Advantages
• Pharmacy plays crucial role in patient care.
• Requires huge management and manpower
• Effective use of computer started in Pharmacy started in 1980.
• Advantages like reduction in time, accuracy, reduction in man
power, speed, multitasking, non-
Use of internet in Pharmacy
• Internet is collection of huge data which is accessible with few
clicks.
• Availability of soft copies of books has made it more useful for
pharmacists.
• Access to huge amount of research journals published online
has made very useful tool for literature survey.
Computer in Retail Pharmacy
• Accounting functions
• Managerial functions
• Purchasing and Inventory control
• Drug Information
Hospital and Clinical Pharmacy and
Computer
• Hospital pharmacy performs the function of receiving and
allotment of drugs and other professional items. Dispensing
and manufacturing are also integral parts.
• Patient record maintenance.
• Purchase and inventory control.
• Therapeutic Drug monitoring.
• Patient record maintenance is vital job inhospitals but with the
help of computers, data can be maintained easily and also
updated time to time. Maintenance of stock means inventory
control can be achieved very well by using computers. For this
purpose, periodic or perpetual inventory control systems maybe
adapted. Computer scan play role like,
• To detect the items which have reached minimum order level.
• To prepare list of items to be purchased and their quantities.
• To prepare purchase orders for vendors and to avoid duplication.
• To detect the infrequently purchased items for possible return or
elimination from pharmacy’s drug supply.
• To produce periodic summary and purchasing and inventory
control statistics.
• Maintaining patient medical record
• Drug information services.
• Patient monitoring.
• Software's like Microsoft Excel are useful in maintenance of
all type of numerical data. Clinical pharmacist may use
computers for therapeutic drug monitoring; which are very
potent and having very narrow therapeutic range like cardiac
glycosides, anticonvulsants. Computer program are designed to
calculate drug dosage to suit individual patients need.