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Carbs
Carbs
4 Tests for
Fructose
Carbohydrates
2 Disaccharides
- Maltose, Lactose, &
Sucrose
- Molisch’s, Fehling’s,
Benedict’s, & Barfoed’s Tests
Carbohydrates
» A biomolecule consisting of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides
» Glucose, Galactose, & Fructose
Structural Formula
» Fischer’s Formula & Haworth’s Formula
Carbohydrates
» A biomolecule consisting of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides
» Glucose, Galactose, & Fructose
Structural Formula
» Fischer’s Formula & Haworth’s Formula
Monosaccharides
Aldohexose
» Glucose and Galactose
» Aldehyde group (C1)
» Reducing sugars
Ketohexose
» Fructose
» Ketone group (C2)
» Reducing sugars
Disaccharides
Maltose
» Glucose + Glucose
» Reducing sugar
Lactose
» Glucose + Galactose
» Reducing sugar
Sucrose
» Glucose + Fructose
» Non-Reducing sugar
Types of Sugars
Reducing Sugars
» All monosaccharides, Maltose &
Lactose
» Carbohydrates that are reducing
sugars have a free carbonyl
(aldehyde or ketone) group
Non-Reducing Sugars
» Sucrose
» Carbohydrates that are non-reducing
sugars do not have a free carbonyl
(aldehyde or ketone) group
Molisch’s Test
Molisch’s test
» To detect the presence of
carbohydrates
Purpose
except trioses and tetroses
» A solution of ∝-naphthol in
Reagents
ethanol
» responsible for condensing with
Reagents
furfural derivative
3.)
Procedure
Add 2-3 drops of Molisch’s
Reagent to both solutions
Procedure 4.)
5.)
Mix both solutions well
Principle
Principle » Furfural derivatives condense
with α-naphthol resulting in a
purple complex
Equation
Equation
» Given the samples: glucose,
Application
carrageenan, which of these
will yield a positive visible
result?
» Glucose gives a positive
result
» Carrageenan yields a
positive result due to
galactose units
» Glucose gives a positive
result
» Carrageenan yields a
positive result due to
galactose units
» Glucose gives a positive
result
» Carrageenan yields a
positive result due to
galactose units
» Glucose gives a positive
result
» Carrageenan yields a
positive result due to
galactose units
Fehling’s Test
Fehling’s test
» The aldehyde group of sugar is
oxidized by copper
Purpose
given solution
1.) Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
(CuSO4.5H2O)
» alkaline medium
Procedure
added in all the tubes
Application
fructose, and lactose, only
sucrose yields to a negative
result.
Equation » RCHO + 2 Cu2+ + 5 OH− →
Application
Application » It is made up of two separate
solutions to be mixed together
Principle
Benedict’s reagent forms
visible positive results
» Determine presence or
absence
Purpose
of reducing sugar(s) in a
solution
» Prevents precipitation of
cupric ions
»
Application
Glucose, Fructose, Lactose
Fasting urine, Diabetic urine will
Application
yield a positive result
Urine
2.) Post-prandial
» collected 2 hours after eating a
Samples
meal
3.) Random
» can be collected any time
Application sample?
Reagents
Reagents 2.) Copper Acetate
» Provides the copper (II)
ions
1.) Add 1 ml of sample into a
clean test tube
Procedure
3.) Add 2 ml of Barfoed’s Reagent
in each tube
Procedure 4.)
5.)
Mix the solutions
Application
lactose, which of these will
yield a positive visible result?
Application
minutes only?
References
https://www.chemistrylearner.com/barfoeds-
test.html
References
Fehling's Test (2020). Retrieved from
https://byjus.com/jee/fehlings-solution/#fehlings-t
References
est-procedure
References
difference of Benedict's solution and Fehling's
solution. Retrieved from
References
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/62
034/
functional-difference-of-benedicts-solution-and-fe
hlings-solution