Lesson#2

After going through this module, you are expected

to:
1. discuss the applications of recombinant DNA;
2. make a diagram on the applications of recombinant
DNA; and
3. value the importance of applications of recombinant
DNA.
START UP ACTIVITY
Make a table about the applications of rDNA technology.
After the given time, each group will report their work.
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIAL MEDICAL
APPLICATION APPLICATION APPLICATION
1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
 Definition of Terms

• VACCINES
- are live attenuated or modified pathogens given to an
individual to trigger immunity against antigen
• INSULIN
- controls glucose level in human.

• HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

- is a homing polypeptide that has a role in growth,
regeneration and differentiation.
 Definition of Terms

• INTERFERONS
- group of proteins that interfere with viral multiplication or
replication. It is also a possible treatment to certain cancer.

• ANTIBIOTICS
- denature harmful living pathogens.

• GENE THERAPY
- is a technique that modifies a person's genes to treat or
cure disease
 Definition of Terms
• CRISPR/CAS9
- is a highly precise gene editing tool that is changing cancer
research and treatment.
Start Up:
If there is no previous data
provided, what should researchers
do to test the presence of a
specific gene of an organism?

Scientist will use PCR.

 DIAGNOSIS
PCR TEST
PCR means polymerase chain reaction. It’s a test to detect
genetic material from a specific organism, such as a virus.
STEPS in COVID-19 PCR test

1. Sample Collection: uses a swab to collect respiratory material found in your nose.
2. Extraction: When a laboratory scientist receives the sample, they isolate (extract)
genetic material from the rest of the material in the sample.
3. PCR: The PCR step then uses special chemicals and enzymes and a PCR
machine called a thermal cycler. Each heating and cooling cycle increases
(amplifies) the amount of the targeted genetic material in the test tube. Once
amplified enough, the PCR machine can detect this signal. Scientists use
special software to interpret the signal as a positive test result.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

ENZYME

FEW HUNDRED BILLIONS OF

REACTIONS COPIES
Why is PCR amplication
important?

PCR tests can detect

disease when there is
only a very small
amount of pathogens
in your body.
 How does PCR
Amplification work?
STEPS IN PCR
AMPLIFICATION
Steps in PCR Amplications:
Step 0: Undenatured Template ; Temp ~ 54 °"C
• Template: double stranded (ds) DNA strand.
• Complementary sequences are held together by H-bonds
Steps in PCR Amplications:
Step 1: Template denaturation ; Temp ~ 94-95 °"C

• Template: single stranded (ss) DNA strands; DNA

strands are separated;
• H-bonds between complementary sequences are broken
Steps in PCR Amplications:
Step 2: Primer Annealing ; Temp ~ 50-56 °"C
(dependent on primer melting temperature)
• Template: ssDNA strands. H-bonds are formed between
complementary sequences on the primers and the target
sequences.
Steps in PCR Amplications:
Step 3: New DNA strand elongation ; Temp ~ 72 °"C
• The two new dsDNA strands are formed by the elongation of the generated ssDNA and
the H-bonds between the complementary sequences on these new strands and their
templates. Each of the new dsDNA strands is made up of one old strand from the
original template, and one new strand that was generated as a reverse complement of
the template. This is called semiconservative replication of the sequence.