Module 1

unit 1

Lesson 4
Would you like to study law?
Why? Why not?
Student’s Book
Page 14
Page 14 –(1)
We use verbs in the present perfect simple form
to link actions or events which started in the past with the
present.

They have broken the law, they should be punished.

(The law was broken in the past –we are thinking about a future
punishment now.)
She has been to Europe several times.
We use verbs in the present perfect simple form
with for or since that refer to periods of time.

I’ve lived here for three years / since 2006.

I have worked in this bank since 2001.
We use verbs in the present perfect simple form
to tell the fact that something happened in the past.

I’ve swum in the dead sea.

They have joined the team.
We use verbs in the present perfect simple form
to express a past experience or achievement with a definite
result in the present

I’ve broken my leg – which means I can’t go skiing this year.

I have passed my driving test ,so I can
borrow your car now.
We use verbs in the present perfect continuous
form to talk about an activity which continues
over a length of time
I’ve been reading a book about the history of law-making
 Has Verb+
subject been
have ing

we have been studying

We use verbs in the present perfect continuous
form to stress the length of time an activity has
taken.
She’s been training to be a doctor for six years.
We use verbs in the present perfect continuous
form to tell about an activity which may not be
completed
Nawal has been writing her economics essay all morning.

(She probably hasn’t finished writing it yet.)

We use verbs in the present perfect continuous
form to tell about an activity which is repeated
over a period of time
The police have been interviewing people all week.
 Check your answers

swum in the swimming pool

practising yoga

I’ve been reading the Holy Quran since 9 o’clock

 Adding Cause and Comparing contrasting Sequencing
effect
And Because Similarly Whereas First
Also So therefore In comparison with Instead of second
as well as Thus Likewise Unlike third
moreover Consequently Like On the other Finally
Too hence Equally hand Next
furthermore In the same way alternatively After
additionally then
 comparing

• The city is much busier than the

countryside

• Farming is less profitable than it

used to be.
 Contrasting

•Whereas (this joins two clauses)

I prefer
working with people, whereas
my brother prefers paper work.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

 Contrasting

But (this joins two clauses)

•My father likes to travel by train, but my

mother prefers travelling by planes.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND

 Contrasting

• On the other hand (this can’t be

used to join clauses)

•Travelling by car is very cheap. On the

other hand, flying is much quicker.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Contrasting

In stead of

Could I have tea instead of coffee, please?

Instead of
 Contrasting
• In comparison with

In comparison with flying, driving is quite

slow and dangerous

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Check your answers
 Policemen Lawyers
* arrest criminals * prosecute criminals
* carry handcuffs * carry briefcases
* have to be very fit * have to be very
* are paid by the intelligent
government * are paid by their clients

In comparison with policemen and lawyers,

Policemen
Instead of
Policemen
policemen carry
arehavingbyhandcuffs,
to
arrest
paid be but
fit, like
thecriminals,
government, lawyers
policemen,
whereas
but lawyers
lawyers
lawyersare prosecute
carry
have
paid totheir
by criminals.
briefcases.
be clients.
intelligent.