SPACE AND TIME

ASPECTS IN
ENVIRONMENTA
L SYSTEM
• Space and time approaches, with their physical and socio-economic dimensions, play an important
role.
• Among the space aspects, the configuration (e.g. size, shape) and composition (pattern) of
ecosystems, but also the spatial positions of service providing areas, service connecting areas and
service benefiting areas are of great relevance
• Differences between supply and demand are typical time-related aspects.
GENERAL
CHECKLIST
TRANSPORTATION AND SPACE
Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
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ABSOLUTE, RELATIVE AND ARBITRARY
BARRIERS Absolute Barrier Arbitrary Barrier

Modal Change
A B

Detour
Relative Barrier

A B
Arbitrary Barrier
Low High
Friction

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
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 Name Location Traffic Opening Length
WORLD’S LONGEST Gotthard Base Tunnel Swiss Alps Rail 2017 57.1 km
TUNNELS USED FOR Seikan Tunnel Strait of Tsugaru, Japan Rail 1988 53.8 km
TRANSPORTATION
Channel Tunnel English Channel (UK- Rail (High 1994 50.4 km
France) speed)
Lötschberg Base Swiss Alps Rail 2007 34.6 km
Tunnel
Guadarrama Tunnel Sierra de Guadarrama, Rail (High 2007 28.4 km
Spain speed)
Taihang Tunnel Taihang Mountains, Rail (High 2008 27.8 km
China speed)
Iwate-Ichinohe Tunnel Ōu Mountains, Japan Rail (High 2002 25.8 km
speed)
Lærdal Tunnel Lærdal - Aurland, Road 2000 24.5 km
Norway
Daishimizu Tunnel Mount Tanigawa, Japan Rail (High 1982 22.2 km
speed)
Wushaoling Tunnel Wuwei, China Rail 2006 21.0 km

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL SPACE OF MARITIME
TRANSPORTATION

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be
requested prior to use.
POLAR
SHIPPING
ROUTES

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCE BETWEEN NEW
YORK, MOSCOW AND TOKYO

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain
and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS
Polar
Cell
Principle
Ferrel
Polar Front Cell

Cold
(Pole) Horse Latitudes
Hadley
Cell
Warm (Equator) Intertropical Convergence Zone

TRADE WINDS
Cold
(Pole)
WESTERLIES

Global Structure
Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be
requested prior to use.
SEASONAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL WIND PATTERNS

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electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
MAJOR OCEANIC GYRES AND SEA
CURRENTS

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested
prior to use.
LAND
COVERED BY
PERMAFROST

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
TRANSPORT, SITE AND SITUATION

Site (Amenities)

Local
Regional
Situation (Connectivity) Global

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be
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THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE AND
TRANSPORTATION Location Distance Fixedness

Attributes Relativity Dynamics

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be
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TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND GEOGRAPHICAL SPECIALIZATION

Diversification Specialization

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public
domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be
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TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS AND
GEOGRAPHICAL CONCENTRATION
Dispersion Concentration

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 REGIONAL SPACE / TIME CONVERGENCE,
(LONDON – EDINBURGH, NEW YORK – BOSTON)

10,000
Travel Time (Minutes)

1,000

London - Edinburgh (520

km)
100

10
1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
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GLOBAL SPACE / TIME CONVERGENCE: DAYS
REQUIRED TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE THE GLOBE
400
(1500-1840) Average speed of horse and cart: 4 km/hr
360 Average speed sailships: 16 km/hr
350

300

250 (1850-1930) Average speed of trains: 100 km/hr

Average speed of steamships: 25 km/hr
Days

200 Space / Time

(1950) Average speed of airplanes: Convergence
150 150 480-640 km/hr

100 100 (1970) Average speed of jet planes:

800-1120 km/hr
60
50
(1990) Numeric transmission:
3 2 1 instantaneous
0
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

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domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested
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MAIL DELIVERY TIMES BETWEEN NEW YORK AND
SAN FRANCISCO, 1840-2000
40

35

30

25
Days

20

15

10

0
1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
 100

CUMULATIVE 90

DISTRIBUTION 80

70
OF PER CAPITA 60

TRIP RATE FOR 50

ALL MODES BY 40

TRIP DISTANCE,
30

20

1995 10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

KM

USA UK
Developing countries

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
 Mode Potential Main Issues
Road (automobiles, buses, trucks) None to limited Congestion.
Operational safety (speed limits).
Limited access highways.
Rail (Freight) Limited Operational safety (grade crossings).
Availability of train slots.
Terminal capacity.
Rail (Passengers) Good to significant Development of high speed rail systems.
Long term potential of new technologies (e.g.
Maglev).
Air None to limited Energy consumption.
Congestion at airport terminals.
Abandonment of supersonic services.
Maritime None to limited Energy consumption (slow steaming).
Fast ferries.

SPEED IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL BY TRANSPORT MODE

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
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TRAVEL TIME
BETWEEN
LONDON AND
THE REST OF THE
WORLD, 1914

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
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GLOBAL
ACCESSIBILI
TY: TIME TO
THE
NEAREST
LARGE CITY

Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use
ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or
electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
TIME AND
SPACE

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