HYDROGEN STORAGE SOLUTION FOR FUEL CELL

APPLICATIONS USING TWO DIMENSIONAL CARBON

BASED NANO MATERIALS
Team members:
Desai Manish(16103069)
Murali Krishna(16103073 )
Dilip Acharya(16103053)
Sheeba Rathina Selvi(16103021)
Date: 06/12/19 Guide:
Dr. Yashpal
Dr. Pushpamitra Panigrahi
 OBJECTIVE

 Development of hydrogen storage material (C2N monolayer) with high adsorption

properties and affinity for hydrogen.
 Enhancing hydrogen adsorption property of the C2N monolayer by functionaling it with
titanium metal adatom.
 To use DFT calculations to evaluate the binding energy.
 To obtain hydrogen storage with high weight percentage.
 WHY HYDROGEN STORAGE IS IMPORTANT

 Hydrogen is a light gas and it’s combustible.

 Energy to mass ratio of hydrogen is 3 times greater than gasoline.
 Mass to volume ratio is very small, therefore, there is a need to store hydrogen efficiently.
VARIOUS FORMS TO STORE HYDROGEN:
 In gaseous form in high-pressure gas cylinders.
 Liquid hydrogen in cryogenic tanks.
 Physi-sorption & Chemi-sorption.
 Metal hydrides
 TYPICAL HYDROGEN/OXYGEN FUEL CELL

 Hydrogen + oxygen = electricity+ water+ heat

 Energy stored in the molecular bond of hydrogen and oxygen is
transformed into electrical energy
ANODE :2H2 4H+ +4e-
CATHODE:O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
OVERALL : 2H2 + O2 2H2O
 ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN OVER THE SOLID NANOSUBSTRATE MATERIAL
 Involves physical or chemical adsorption of hydrogen atoms over the surface of
the solid material.
 Carbon based nanomaterials have been used in our present study for effective
adsorption of hydrogen.
 Nanostructured materials including carbon nanotubes, boron nitride
nanotubes, graphene, and carbon and nitrogen compounds are considered to
be potential candidates for storing large quantities of hydrogen.
 In spite of these consistent and persistent efforts, these materials are yet to
satisfy the required characteristics like storage capacity of around 6 weight
percent.
 Literature survey
AUTHOR JOURNAL DETAILS KEY FINDINGS

• Two main groups of

Use of fuel cells and electrolyzers
in space applications: From energy
Javier Brey , Delia Muñoz , storage to propulsion/
Verónica Mesa , Tamara Guerrero deorbitation, EDP sciences, 2016,
17004
technologies and applications
that can be distinguished
regarding hydrogen field: gas
production (hydrogen and
oxygen), and power generation,
are presented.
• Reversible fuel cell system and
regenerative fuel cell system
are explained.
• Its reliability has been
demonstrated and it presents
several advantages
 Literature survey

AUTHOR JOURNAL DETAILS KEY FINDINGS

1. Conventional methods of storage are used

that could make them more applicable for
aircraft applications
(Hydrogen storage for 2. Pressure tank method
aircraft applications 3. Metal hydrides
Anthony J. Colozza overview, NASA , 4. Carbon nanotubes
September 2002 and VA 5. Glass microspheres
22100.) 6. Gelled hydrogen
7. Cryo-cooler for boil off compensation
 Literature survey

AUTHOR JOURNAL DETAILS KEY FINDINGS

1. Hydrogen storage performance of pristine

and Li doped BH sheets have
systematically explored based on density
functional theory
2. Li has been determined as the best dopant
in BH by considering doping
(Reversible hydrogen storage
Long Chen, Chao Duan, Yi thermodynamics of alkali and alkaline
in pristine and LI decorated 2D
Huang , Qian Zhang Boron Hydride, Royal society earth metals
3. Storage of hydrogen in LI-BH was
of chemistry , 2018 and 20.)
determined to be due to the synergy of
polarisation mechanism and orbital
hybridisation, which yield high storage
capacity
 Literature survey
AUTHOR JOURNAL DETAILS
(Hydrogen storage
properties of light metal
adatoms (Li, Na) decorated
T. Hussain fluorographene monolayer.
Article in nanotechnology,
IOP Publishing, UK, 12 June
2015
KEY FINDINGS
1. Based on first principles of DFT the structural and
electronic properties of Li, Na doped FG
monolayers and their response to a hydrogen
adsorption mechanism was studied.
2. The Li,Na on the monolayer are found to lose their
charge to the C atoms of the FG monolayer and
forms Li+ and Na+ ions.
3. Up to 4(H2) was observed on either side of the
functionalized FG monolayer-high H2 storage
capacity.
4. Operation at ambient conditions.
5. (Li, Na) doped FG monolayers for efficient H2
storage.
 Literature survey
AUTHOR JOURNAL DETAILS KEY FINDINGS

1. The structural and doping mechanism of GDY with

Li, Na, K, Ca, Sc and Ti and H2 storage
characteristics has been explored.
2. Each dopant binds strongly with GDY at 11%
(dopants) and transforms the semiconductor to
Light Metal Decorated metallic.
Graphdiyne (GDY) Nanosheets for 3. The metal-GDY (cations-) essential for H2
Dhinakaran Reversible Hydrogen Storage. adsorption.
Article in nanotechnology, IOP 4. Each functionalized GDY anchors 8H2.
Publishing, UK, 2018 5. 2 dopants per GDY yielded 6.50 wt% of H2 storage
capacity which can be enhanced through high
metal doping.
6. Light-metal doped GDY nano sheets with high H2
storage capacity and ideal adsorption energies.
 Methodology

Selection of material

Structural design

Binding energy of the material

Methodology :
Introducing H2
molecules to the
C2N monolayer

Evaluation of
binding energy

If it has
the 0.2 - Yes
0.4 eV/H2 Finalize the
molecule material
energy

No
Dope with metal
adatoms

Materials
Graphitic platelets
Graphene and SWNT
C linear chain, graphene and NTs
Li-adsorbed graphene
3-D carbon nanostructure
Ti on graphene oxide
Ca on porous 3-D graphene#
MATERIAL SELECTION
Outcome Year
Physisorption energy of H2 on graphitic platelets and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons estimated to be 3.5 kJ mol-1 and 7.2 kJ mol- 2004
1 , both of attractive nature
Binding energy for hydrogen bound inside nanotubes is about twice
of adsorption outside nanotubes or on graphene layer. Parallel 2007
orientation of hydrogen bond more effectively binds to carbon
substrate.
Transition-metal atoms can bind on the inner as well as outer 2008
surface of NTs and also on both sides of graphene
Li 2s orbital donates part of its electronic charge to graphene
inducing metallic character in it and reaching a gravimetric density 2008
of 12.8 wt.%
By design the material has tunable pore sizes and surface areas, if
doped with lithium cations, material’s storage can reach ~ 41 g H2L - 2008
1 under ambient conditions
Each Ti can bind multiple H2 , the desired binding energies (14-41 kJ
mol-1 of H2 ). Theoretical gravimetric and volumetric densities are 2009
estimated as 4.9 wt % and 64 g L -1
Ca donates its 4s charge partly to emptyπ ∗band of graphene, Ca
becomes positively charged while graphene on receiving electron
density exhibits metallic character. By adsorbing Ca on both sides of 2009
graphene sheet, hydrogen storage capacity can be increased to 8.4
wt.%
Reference
T. Heine, L. Zhechkov and G. Seifert, Physical
Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2004, 6, 980-
984.
D. Henwood and J. D. Carey, Physical Review
B, 2007, 75, 245413.
E. Durgun, S. Ciraci and T. Yildirim, Physical
Review B, 2008, 77, 085405.
C. Ataca, E. Aktürk, S. Ciraci and H. Ustunel,
Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93, 043123.
G. K. Dimitrakakis, E. Tylianakis and G. E.
Froudakis, Nano Letters, 2008, 8, 3166-
3170.
L. Wang, K. Lee, Y.-Y. Sun, M. Lucking, Z.
Chen, J. J. Zhao and S. B. Zhang, ACS Nano,
2009, 3, 2995-3000.
C. Ataca, E. Aktürk and S. Ciraci, Physical
Review B, 2009, 79, 041406

Ca on graphene
Alkoxide OLi group
Graphene like nanosheets
Li on boron doped graphene#
Li-graphene, Ti-graphene
Transition metal (TM) doped defected graphene
Al adsorbed graphene
Li-doped porous graphene
MATERIAL SELECTION
Ca atoms preferably adsorb on sp 3 hybridized vertex sites as compared to sp2
G. Kim and S.-H. Jhi, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C,
hybridized planar surface. Coulomb and Kubas interaction result in higher (5-6 2009 2009, 113, 20499-20503.
wt.%) storage capacity.
Interaction of H2 with the alkoxide material can be increased to 3.7 kcal mol-1 E. Tylianakis, G. M. Psofogiannakis and G. E. Froudakis, The
, gravimetric and volumetric targets can be met at low hydrogen pressures 2009
and 77 K Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 2010, 1, 2459-2464.
At 10 bar, hydrogen absorption capacities of 1.2 wt.% @ 77 K and 0.1 wt.% at G. Srinivas, Y. Zhu, R. Piner, N. Skipper, M. Ellerby and R. Ruoff,
2010
298 K Carbon, 2010, 48, 630-635
Li coated boron-doped graphene has p-p hybridization that increases the
binding energy to about 0.13 eV per H2 such that four polarizedH2molecules 2010 C.-S. Liu and Z. Zeng, Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 96,
123101
are attached to a Li atom
Effect of strain on adsorption of metal atoms over graphene surface studied. A
tensile strain of 10% increases adsorption with a binding energy of 0.2 eV/ 2010 M. Zhou, Y. Lu, C. Zhang and Y. P. Feng, Applied Physics Letters,
H2 , gravimetric density for Li and Ti to increase to 15.4 wt.% and 9.5 wt %, 2010, 97, 103109.
respectively
Periodic arrangement of carbon atom vacancy forms the defected graphene.
TM atoms adsorbed at these defect sites are bound sufficiently strongly so as 2010 A. Bhattacharya, S. Bhattacharya, C. Majumder and G. P. Das,
to avoid their clustering. Fe-Ti decorated defected graphene has gravimetric The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114, 10297-10301.
efficiency of 5.1 wt % of hydrogen with desorption starting at ∼400 K.
Al adsorbed on both sides of graphene can store up to 13.79 wt.% with
Z. M. Ao and F. M. Peeters, Physical Review B, 2010, 81,
recycling at ambient conditions with average adsorption energy of -0.193 eV 2010
205406
per H2
Gravimetric capacity of 12 wt.% is estimated. 2010 A. Du, Z. Zhu and S. C. Smith, Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 2010, 132, 2876-2877.
 MATERIAL SELECTION
Ca on graphene based nano Ca atoms adsorb on zigzag edges of graphene, binding energy of -0.2 eV per H2 and H. Lee, J. Ihm, M. L. Cohen and S. G. Louie,
structure gravimetric density of 5 wt.% is estimated 2010 Nano Letters, 2010, 10, 793-798.

C.-C. Huang, N.-W. Pu, C.-A. Wang, J.-C. Huang,

Pd and Pt decorated Volumetric adsorption done to study H2 adsorption till 303 K and 5.7 MPa. Both Pd and Pt
2010 Y. Sung and M.-D. Ger, Separation and
graphene decorated graphene adsorb more hydrogen as compared to pristine graphene.
Purification Technology, 2011, 82, 210-215.

S. Chu, L. Hu, X. Hu, M. Yang and J. Deng,

Ti in double vacancy graphene# Up to eight hydrogen molecules can be stored per unit cell. 2011 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011,
36, 12324-12328.

Y. Wang, C. X. Guo, X. Wang, C. Guan, H. Yang,

Ni and B doped graphene Graphene doped with Ni (0.83 wt.%) and B (1.09 wt.%) stores 4.4 wt.% H2 at 77 K 2011 K. Wang and C. M. Li, Energy & Environmental
and 106 kPa
Science, 2011, 4, 195-200.

Ca atoms on graphene form clusters and doping graphene with B avoids the clustering
problem of Ca atoms. Average binding energy is about -0.4 eV per H2 . Theoretical E. Beheshti, A. Nojeh and P. Servati, Carbon,
Ca decorated B-doped graphene
gravimetric density of 8.38 wt.% for double-sided Ca-decorated graphene doped with 12 at 2011 2011, 49, 1561-1567.
% of B atoms has been estimated

Corrugations and curvature of graphene can be used to influence the binding energy by
V. Tozzini and V. Pellegrini, The Journal of
Graphene about 2 eV. Reversible storage of hydrogen possible by changing the curvature of graphene 2011
Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 115, 25523-25528
sheets at ambient conditions. Gravimetric capacities of up to 8 wt.% were estimated.

C.-D. Wu, T.-H. Fang and J.-Y. Lo, International

Pillared graphene is shown to have better hydrogen storage capacity as compared
Pillared graphene to CNTs. 2012 Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37, 14211-
14216

Lithium amidoboran e (LiAB) and -O and –OH groups help in combination of GO and LiAB as GO3 -LiAB, which exhibits better 2013 F. Li, J. Gao, J. Zhang, F. Xu, J. Zhao and L. Sun,
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1,
GO dehydrogentation properties
8016-8022.
 MATERIAL SELECTION

E. S. Cho, A. M. Ruminski, S. Aloni, Y.-S. Liu,

Mg nanocrystals in graphene oxide, gravimetric density of
Mg-rGO J. Guo and J. J. Urban, Nature
6.5 wt.% 2016 Communications, 2016, 7, 10804.

Physisorption preferred on pristine and substitutional

S. Wu, K. Fan, M. Wu and G. Yin, Eur. Phys.
N-doped graphene Ndoped graphene where as pyrrolic and pyridinic nitrogen
2016 J. Appl. Phys., 2016, 75, 10402.
doped graphene prefer chemical adsorption.

Improved H-storage (6.2 wt.% at 290 °C and 15 bar), lower
desorption temperature of 262 °C, which is about 160 °C
MgH2catalyz ed by Fe3O4@graphene
lower than pristine MgH2 . Formation of Mg1-xFexO
sheets
penetrates MgO layer providing H-diffusion pathways 2016
resulting in better kinetics
A. Bhatnagar, S. K. Pandey, A. K.
Vishwakarma, S. Singh, V. Shukla, P. K.
Soni, M. A. Shaz and O. N. Srivastava,
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4,
14761-14772

Nitrogen-doped graphene binds Pd more effectively as O. Faye, J. A. Szpunar, B. Szpunar and A. C.

Pd decorated graphene and nitrogen
compared to Pd-graphene. At 0 K a gravimetric density of Beye, Applied Surface Science, 2017, 392,
doped graphene 2017
3.622 wt. % was estimated. 362-374
 SOFTWARE USED

SOFTWARE PURPOSE
VESTA To convert vesta files into vasp format
jedit To convert .vasp  .xyz formats
CHEMCRAFT To add H2 molecules to the structure
VASP To calculate the binding energy of the structure using
DFT techniques

Qt grace To analyse the results

 Material selection

 2D graphene like material

 High surface to volume ratio
 Nitrogen has high affinity towards
hydrogen.
 Light material
 High strength equivalent to graphene
 Porous material

Fig 1: C2N structure

 RESULTS

 Total density of state: Number of

different states at a particular
energy level that electrons are
allowed to occupy.
 BAND GAP- 1.6eV
 Non magnetic material

Fig 2: Total density of states vs Energy of C2N

 RESULTS
 The DFT analysis for the above mentioned structures are done using vasp software in the HPC present in
Upsala university.
 The adsorption energies (E ads) of Hydrogen molecule (H2 ) on the defected C2N monolayer is calculated by
the formula,

E ads= E(C2N:H2) – E(C2N) –E(H2)

 Here E(C2N: H2 ) is the total energy of C2N monolayer with hydrogen.

• E(C2N) is the total energy of C2N molecule
• E(H2) is the total energy of H2 molecule.

Structure ENERGY(EV) Combined energy

H2 (alone) -6.7702079
-634.289
C2N(alone) -627.51857
 RESULTS
(Hydrogen is placed at different locations and the binding energy of the entire structure is evaluated)

Structure Energy (EV) Binding energy per H2 CONFIGURATION

Centre Hole -634.408148 -0.11937

C-C Bridge -634.354357 -0.065579

C-N Hole -634.364578 -0.0758

 RESULTS

 From the above table, it is clear that the binding energy that is available is not sufficient enough to hold the
hydrogen together with the C2N sheet.
 So it is needed to be doped with a metal adatom to enhance the adsorption property of the material.
 Generally, alkaline metals, alkaline earth metals or transition metals are used for doping.
 By doping alkaline metals the weight of the material is reduced by since it has only one S-orbital vacant, so only
one hydrogen is accommodated.
 By doping transition elements, though the weight is increased, due to the presence of d-electrons the affinity of
hydrogen is drastically increased.
 So the metal that is used to functionalize the C2N monolayer is Titanium (Ti).
 RESULTS
( For various number of Titanium (Ti) atoms in C2N molecules)

Fig 3: C2N doped with 1 Ti Fig 4: C2N doped with 2 Ti Fig 5: C2N doped with 3 Ti

Fig 6: C2N doped with 4 Ti Fig 7: C2N doped with 5 Ti Fig 8: C2N doped with 6 Ti
FUTURE WORKS:
 Evaluation of binding energy of each structural configuration.

 Finding out the highest weight ratio.

 Work plan for next one month

MONTH COMPUTATIONAL LITERATU RESULTS JOURNAL

ANALYSIS RE ANALYSI WORK
SURVEY S
December  
January  
February   
March  
April  

 Indicates Task to be performed in the particular

month
 Reference
[1] Hussain.T, M S Islam, G S Rao, P Panigrahi, D Gupta and Rajeev Ahuja. “Hydrogen
Storage properties of light metal adatoms (Li, Na) decorated fluorographene
monolayer”. Article in Nanotechnology, IOP publishing ltd UK, June 2015, 275401. 26.
Print.
[2] Hussain T, P Panigrahi, A.K Dhinakaran, S.R Naqvi, S.R Gollu. “ Light metal
decorated graphdyine nanosheets for reversible hydrogen storage”. Nanotechnology,
IOP publishing, June 2018. 1-21. print
[3] Chen, long , Xianfei chen, Chao Duan, Yi Huang, Qian Zhang, Beibei Xiao. “
Reversible hydrogen storage in pristine and Li decorated 2D boron hydride”. Royal
society of chemistry, 15 November 2018,20,30304.print
[4] Anthony J. Colozza. “Hydrogen storage for aircraft applications overview”.
NASA/CR-2002-211867, September 2002. print
[5] Bery, Javier, Delia Munoz, Veronica Mesa, Tamara Guerrero. “Use Of Fuel Cell and
Electrolyzes in space applications”. EDP sciences, 2016, 17004. Print
[6] T. Heine, L. Zhechkov and G. Seifert, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2004, 6, 980-984.

[7] D. Henwood and J. D. Carey, Physical Review B, 2007, 75, 245413.

[8] E. Durgun, S. Ciraci and T. Yildirim, Physical Review B, 2008, 77, 085405.

[9] C. Ataca, E. Aktürk, S. Ciraci and H. Ustunel, Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93, 043123.

[10] G. K. Dimitrakakis, E. Tylianakis and G. E. Froudakis, Nano Letters, 2008, 8, 3166-3170.

[11] L. Wang, K. Lee, Y.-Y. Sun, M. Lucking, Z. Chen, J. J. Zhao and S. B. Zhang, ACS Nano, 2009,
3, 2995-3000.

[12] C. Ataca, E. Aktürk and S. Ciraci, Physical Review B, 2009, 79, 041406

[13] G. Kim and S.-H. Jhi, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113, 20499-20503
[14] E. Tylianakis, G. M. Psofogiannakis and G. E. Froudakis, The Journal of Physical
Chemistry Letters, 2010, 1, 2459-2464.

[15] G. Srinivas, Y. Zhu, R. Piner, N. Skipper, M. Ellerby and R. Ruoff, Carbon, 2010, 48,
630-635

[16] C.-S. Liu and Z. Zeng, Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 96, 123101

[17] M. Zhou, Y. Lu, C. Zhang and Y. P. Feng, Applied Physics Letters, 2010, 97, 103109.

[18] A. Bhattacharya, S. Bhattacharya, C. Majumder and G. P. Das, The Journal of Physical

Chemistry C, 2010, 114, 10297-10301.

[19] Z. M. Ao and F. M. Peeters, Physical Review B, 2010, 81, 205406

[20] A. Du, Z. Zhu and S. C. Smith, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2010, 132,
2876-2877.
[21] H. Lee, J. Ihm, M. L. Cohen and S. G. Louie, Nano Letters, 2010, 10, 793-798.

[22] C. Huang, N.-W. Pu, C.-A. Wang, J.-C. Huang, Y. Sung and M.-D. Ger, Separation and
Purification Technology, 2011, 82, 210-215.

[23] S. Chu, L. Hu, X. Hu, M. Yang and J. Deng, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011,
36, 12324-12328.

[24] Y. Wang, C. X. Guo, X. Wang, C. Guan, H. Yang, K. Wang and C. M. Li, Energy &
Environmental Science, 2011, 4, 195-200.

[25] E. Beheshti, A. Nojeh and P. Servati, Carbon, 2011, 49, 1561-1567.

[26] V. Tozzini and V. Pellegrini, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 115, 25523-25528
C.-D. Wu, T.-H. Fang and J.-Y. Lo, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012, 37, 14211-
14216

[27] F. Li, J. Gao, J. Zhang, F. Xu, J. Zhao and L. Sun, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1,
8016-8022.
[28] E. S. Cho, A. M. Ruminski, S. Aloni, Y.-S. Liu, J. Guo and J. J. Urban, Nature Communications,
2016, 7, 10804.

[29] S. Wu, K. Fan, M. Wu and G. Yin, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys., 2016, 75, 10402.

[30] A. Bhatnagar, S. K. Pandey, A. K. Vishwakarma, S. Singh, V. Shukla, P. K. Soni, M. A. Shaz

and O. N. Srivastava, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4, 14761-14772

[31] O. Faye, J. A. Szpunar, B. Szpunar and A. C. Beye, Applied Surface Science, 2017, 392, 362-
374
Thank you
Aerospace applications of hydrogen storage:

• Hydrogen generation on satellites

• Additives for cryogenic fuels
• Radiation safety
• Secondary batteries on satellites (or) aircrafts
• Fuel cell powered air vehicles

Characteristics:
• High energy density element
• Energy density of hydrogen is around 120 MJ/kg
• Energy density is double that of most conventional fuels

Conventional methods of storage:

• As a compressed gas
• As a cryogenic liquid
 HYDROGEN BASED FUEL CELLS IN
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
The Gemini Service Module:
I. Liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen to generate electricity, with water as a byproduct. Oxygen and
hydrogen molecules reacted and combined across a "proton exchange membrane," a thin
permeable polymer sheet coated with a platinum catalyst.
II. The Gemini program pioneered the use of fuel cells in space, and this technology was
subsequently used in the Apollo Service Module and the Space Shuttle Orbiter.

The Apollo Command Module:

III. Primary source of electric power : 3 fuel cells in the Service Module.
IV. Each fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water.
V. water :used for drinking by the astronaut crew.
VI. Number of cells in each fuel cell: 31 separate cells in series connection.
VII. Each cell has hydrogen and an oxygen compartments and electrodes and in combination produce
27 to 31 volts.
VIII. Normal power output for each power plant is 563 to 1420 watts, with a maximum of 2300 watts.
 FUEL CELLS IN SPACE APPLICATIONS

I. Space shuttle
II. One component of the electrical power system. 
III. The three fuel cell power plants are individually coupled to the reactant
(hydrogen and oxygen) distribution subsystem, the heat rejection
subsystem, the potable water storage subsystem, and the electrical
power distribution and control subsystem.
IV. The fuel cell power plants generate heat and water as by-products of
electrical power generation.
V. The excess heat is directed to fuel cell heat exchangers, where the excess
heat is rejected to Freon coolant loops. The water is directed to the
potable water storage subsystem.