UNIT-1

Energy conservation and its importance

“The earth provides enough to satisfy every man’s needs but not every man’s greed”
- Gandhiji
 What is ENERGY????

 Life is unthinkable without energy.

 Both energy production and energy utilization are indicators of our country’s growth.

Industrial developments, textile manufacture, construction of

buildings, water supply and even large-scale food production are
not possible without adequate supply of energy.
 Law of conservation of energy
• In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that
the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be 
conserved over time.
•  This law means that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it
can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another.
• For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick
of dynamite explodes
Classification of energy
 Classification of energy

Renewable energy can be generated

continuously practically without
decay of source.
Or means anything which that can
be replaced endlessly, i.e. there is an
endless supply.

Non-renewable means something which can

be repelaced up to a limited period after
which its supply runs out.
 Why to conserve Energy????
Energy conservation refers to reducing energy consumption through using less of an energy
service!!!!!!!!
Energy saved is energy generated…..ISN’T IT ??????

 Our demands are continuously increasing day by day.

 We have limited resources available on earth.
 It is possible that someday most of the non-renewable resources
will be exhausted and we will have to switch over to alternate
energy
Image courtesy
2014-15, IJIRAE-
 Energy conservation how??
Energy conservation at home
Energy conservation at office
Energy conservation on roads
Energy conservation in the farm
Energy conservation at many more
places…………
 At the work place

The feeling people generally have is - “Who cares about energy conservation at
the office. After all, I’m not paying for it !”

But this is where we go wrong. XXXXXXX !!!!!!

Ultimately it is we who pay for all the energy that is wasted in the office - in the form
of energy shortages, higher price to be paid for energy, more taxes and so on
 At the work place

 we could do some of the below mentioned things:

 Ask the cleaning staff not to switch on all lights and fans before people come to the office.
 Switch off fans and lights when you leave the room.
 Minimise the use of air-conditioners.
 Switch off computers when not in use.
 Avoid unnecessary photocopying of documents.
 Encourage people to use the stairs instead of the lift, specially in places like hospitals.
 On the road
Many more people own vehicles today than they did ten years ago. Vehicles are used to go to the
office as well as for family outings. This has resulted in a tremendous increase in the use of petrol,
diesel and compressed natural gas (CNG).

We could consider the following:

 Use a car pool instead of individual cars to travel to work.
 Adopt petrol saving measures such as
* Drive at a slow and constant speed
* Minimise the use of brake and clutch
* Maintain proper air pressure in the tyres
* Prevent leakage of fuel at all costs
 Keep the engine well tuned.
 Encourage installation of light sensitive switches and solar panels for street lights.
 ENERGY CONSERVATION IN INDIA
About 70% of India's energy generation capacity is from fossil fuels,
with coal accounting for 40% of India's total energy consumption followed by
crude oil at 24% and
natural gas at6% respectively.

India is largely dependent on fossil fuel imports to meet its energy demands.

By 2030, India's dependence on energy imports is expected to exceed 53% of the country's
total energy consumption.

In 2009-10, the country imported 159.26 million tonnes of crude oil which amount to 80%
of its domestic crude oil consumption and 31% of the country's total imports are oil
imports. The growth of electricity generation in India has been hindered by domestic coal
shortages and as a consequence, India's coal imports for electricity generation increased
by 18% in 2010
The primary energy consumption in India grew by 7.9% in 2018 and is the third biggest after
China and USA with 5.8% global share.

 The total primary energy consumption from

 crude oil (239.1 Mtoe; 29.55%),
 natural gas (49.9 Mtoe; 6.17%),
 coal (452.2 Mtoe; 55.88%),
 nuclear energy (8.8 Mtoe; 1.09%),
 hydro electricity (31.6 Mtoe; 3.91%) and 
 renewable power (27.5 Mtoe; 3.40%)

Mtoe means Million tones of oil equivalent

The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy defined as the amount of energy released by
burning one tonne of crude oil. It is approximately 42 gigajoules or 11,630 kilowatt-hours.
Commercial Energy Mix: Indian Scenario
(Source: Integrated Energy Policy Report, Planning commission of India)
 Objective of Energy Management
To achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and
utilisation, throughout the organization
To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production
& quality
To minimise environmental effects.     

TO KNOW TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE OF MAJOR EQUIPTMENT / SYSTEMS

TO IDENTIFY LOSS AREAS
TO ASSESS TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF ENCON OPTIONS.
 Energy audit
One of the primary ways to improve energy conservation in buildings is to use an energy audit.

An energy audit is an inspection and analysis of energy use and flows for
energy conservation in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of
energy input into the system without negatively affecting the output(s).
 Definition of Energy Audit
• As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, Energy Audit is
defined as

“the verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy

including submission of technical report containing
recommendations for improving energy efficiency with cost
benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption “
 ENERGY AUDIT…..
It’s a tech.Survey to analyze existing energy utilisation practice,
pinpoint areas of wastage and to evolve energy saving schemes.
•It is an organised and systematic exercise with top management
support
•Energy audit addresses
• House keeping
• Operational improvement/retrofits
• Capital projects requiring investment
• New technology

•Energy audit helps to achieve “savings through invisibles”.

 INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

Raw Materials
Fluids

Manpower Final Product

Energy

Industrial Wastes

LIQUID GASEOUS ENERGY SOLID WASTES

toxic, inorganic Emissions heated fluids, wasted raw material
and organic SO 2 , NO
x, steam, hot or product, sludge from
wastewaters CO, etc. emissions etc. ETP

DISCHARGE
 STEPS INVOLVED IN ENERGY AUDIT.

1. Data Collection

2. Efficiency Evaluation

3. Loss Quantification

4. Operational Improvement Measures

5. Techno Economic Evaluation of Projects.

6. Designing Energy Data Report System

7. Instrumentation Requirement

8. Action Plan For ENCON Implementation

9. Review --Setting Up of Target

 Detailed Energy audit tasks:-
1. Elaboration and discussion of audit methodology.
2. Selection of plants items to be audited.
3. Collection of more detailed energy and production data.
4. Comprehensive measurements at selected plants items.
• Process flow and utility diagram
• Measurement survey/performance trials
5. Data analysis and calculations
6. Elaboration of energy and material balance for the
audited plant items.
7. Investigation of energy saving options (improved
maintenance of equipment, improved energy
management, modification or rationalization of process
configuration, improved insulation/ control of refrigeration,
etc.)
8. Recommendation of feasible energy efficiency measures.
9.Financial analysis of recommended measures, including
cost benefit calculation.
10.Ranking of measures and elaboration of an energy saving
action plant
11.Reporting
12.Presentation to plant management
 ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2. CONTENTS
3. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4. SUMMARY OF SAVINGS
5. INTRODUCTION
6. PLANT ENERGY SYSTEM
7. ENERGY USAGE PATTERN
8. ENERGY INDICATORS
9. ENERGY SAVING OPTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS
10.ANNEXURE/PLANT BASE LINE DATA
Filed observation and savings calculations.
List of suppliers .
Action plan for ENCON implementation
Energy Audit Instruments
POWER ANALYSERS
Electrical Measuring Instruments:
These are instruments for measuring major
electrical parameters such as kVA, kW, PF,
Hertz, kvar, Amps and Volts. In addition some
of these instruments also measure harmonics.

These instruments are applied on-line i.e on

running motors without any need to stop the
motor. Instant measurements can be taken with
hand-held meters, while more advanced ones
facilitates cumulative readings with print outs at
specified intervals.
FLUE GAS ANALYSERS
Combustion analyzer:
This instrument has in-built chemical cells
which measure various gases such as CO 2,
CO, NOX, SOX etc

Fuel Efficiency Monitor:

This measures Oxygen and temperature of
the flue gas. Calorific values of common
fuels are fed into the microprocessor which
calculates the combustion efficiency.

Fyrite:

A hand bellow pump draws the flue gas

sample into the solution inside the fyrite. A
chemical reaction changes the liquid
volume revealing the amount of gas.
Percentage Oxygen or CO2 can be read
from the scale.
TEMPERATURE MEASURMENTS
Contact thermometer:

These are thermocouples which measures for

example flue gas, hot air, hot water temperatures by
insertion of probe into the stream.

For surface temperature a leaf type probe is used with

the same instrument.

Infrared Pyrometer:

This is a non-contact type measurement which when

directed at a heat source directly gives the
temperature read out. Can be useful for measuring hot
jobs in furnaces, surface temperatures etc.
FLOW MEASURMENTS – AIR ,WATER
Pitot Tube and manometer:

Air velocity in ducts can be

measured using a pitot tube and
inclined manometer for further
calculation of flows.

Ultrasonic flow meter:

This a non contact flow measuring

device using Doppler effect
principle. There is a transmitter and
receiver which are positioned on
opposite sides of the pipe. The
meter directly gives the flow. Water
and other fluid flows can be easily
measured with this meter.
 Speed Measurements:

In any audit exercise speed measurements

are critical as thay may change with
frequency, belt slip and loading.

A simple tachometer is a contact type

instrument which can be used where direct
access is possible.

More sophisticated and safer ones are non

Stroboscope
contact instruments such as stroboscopes.
Tachometer

Lux meters:

Illumination levels are measured with a lux

meter. It consists of a photo cell which
senses the light output, converts to
electrical impulses which are calibrated as
lux.
Image courtesy
2014-15, IJIRAE
Image courtesy
2014-15, IJIRAE
National Energy policy of India
Energy policy is the manner in which a given entity (often
governmental) has decided to address issues of energy development
 including energy production, distribution and consumption.

OR

The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's expanding energy deficit

 and increased focus on developing alternative sources of energy,[1] particularly 
nuclear, solarand wind energy. India ranks 81 position in overall energy self-
sufficiency at 66% in 2014
The attributes of energy policy may include legislation, international treaties,
incentives to investment, guidelines for energy conservation, taxation and
other public policy techniques.

Energy is a core component of modern economies. A functioning economy

requires not only labor and capital but also energy, for manufacturing
processes, transportation, communication, agriculture, and more.
SUSTAINABILITY is the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.
"the sustainability of economic growth"
•avoidance of the depletion of natural resources in order to maintain an ecological balance.
•"the pursuit of global environmental sustainability"

Different formulae to calculate power:

Power=Voltage×current
Force×velocity
Torque×angular velocity
Pressure×rate of discharge
Temperature×rate of change of entropy
Magneto motive force×rate of change of flux
The block diagram for utilizing energy consists of
source, energy converter, storage, load
as shown in figure.
Battery (energy is stored in electro chemical form.)
The source of energy can be:
Water (energy is stored as potential energy)
Solar photovoltaic
Fly wheel (energy is stored in kinetic energy)]
Solar thermal
Compressed air
Wave
Heat storage
Tidal
Fuel cell
Wind
The energy also can be fed to the grid.
Geothermal
The form of energy obtained from source may not
Bio
be compatible with load. hence an
Hydro
energy interface (energy converter)unit is required .
For storage of energy following options are
available: