CURRICULUM

LESSON 3:

DEVELPOMENT:
PROCESSES AND
MODELS
• Curriculum is a dynamic process. In curriculum development, there are always changes that occurs that are intended
for improvement.

• RALPH TYLER, HILDA TABA, GALEN SAYLOR and WILLIAM ALEXANDER which would help clarify the
process of curriculum development.
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
• Curriculum development is a dynamic process involving many different people and
procedures. Development connotes change which is systematic. A change for the better
means alternation , modification or improvement of existing condition. To produce positive
changes, development should be purposeful, planned and progressive. usually it is linear and
follows a logical step-by-step fashion involving the following phases:
• Curriculum planning, curriculum design, curriculum implementation and
curriculum evaluation
1. Curriculum Planning- consider the school vision, mission and goals.
It is also includes the philosophy or strong education belief of school.
All of these will eventually be translated to classroom desired
learning outcomes for the learners.
2. Curriculum Designing-is the way curriculum is conceptualized to
include the selection and organization of content, the selection and
organization of learning experiences or activities and the selection of
the assessment procedure and tools to measure achieved learning
outcomes. A curriculum design will also include the resources to be
utilized and the statement of the intended leaning outcome.
3. Curriculum Implementation- is putting into action the plan which is based on the
curriculum design in the classroom setting or the learning environment. The teacher is the
facilitator of learning and, together with the learners, uses the curriculum as design guide to what
will transpire in the classroom with the end in view of achieving the intended learning outcomes.
Implementing the curriculum is where action takes place. It involves the activities that transpire in
every teacher’s classroom where learning becomes an active process
4. Curriculum Evaluating- determines the extent to which the desired outcomes have been
achieved. This procedure is on-going as in finding out the process of learning (formative)or the
mastery of learning (summative). Along the way, evaluation will determine the factors that have
hindered or supported the implementation. It will also pinpoint where improvement can be made
and corrective measures, introduced. The result of evaluation is very important for decision
making of curriculum planners, and implementation.
 CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
MODEL
• Ralph Tyler Model: Four Basic Principles
also known as Tyler’s Rationale, the curriculum development model emphasize the planning
phase. This is presented in his book Basic Principle of Curriculum and Instruction. He posited four
fundamental principle which are illustrated as answer to the following question:
1. What education purpose should schools seeks to attain?
2. What educational experiences can be provided that are likely to attain these purpose
3. How can these educational experiences be effectively organized?
4. How can we determine whether these purpose are being attained or not?
Tyler’s model shows that in curriculum development, the following considerations should be made:
1. Purpose of the school
2. Educational experiences related to the purpose
3. Organization of the experiences
4. Evaluation of the experiences

• Hilda Taba Model: Grassroots Approach

Hilda Taba improved on Tyler’s model. She believed that teachers should participate in developing a
curriculum. As a grassroots approach Taba begins from the bottom, rather that from the top as what Tyler
Proposed. She presented seven major steps to her linear model which are the following.
1. Diagnosis of learners’ needs and expectation of the larger society.
2. Formulation of learning content
3. Selection of learning content
4. Organization of leaning content
5. Selection of learning experience
6. Determination of what to evaluate and the means of doing it.

• Galen Saylor and William Alexander Curriculum Model

Galen Saylor and William Alexander (1974) viewed curriculum development as consisting o four
steps. Curriculum is “a plant for providing sets of leaning opportunities to achieve broad education goal
and related specific objectives for an identifiable population served by a single school center.”
1. Goal, Objective and Domains
Curriculum planner begins by specifying the major educational goals and specific objectives they
wish to accomplish. Each major goal represents a curriculum domain : personal development, human
relations, continued learning skills and specialization. The goal, objectives and domains are identified and
chosen based on research findings, accreditation standards, and view of the different stakeholders.

2. Curriculum Designing
Designing a curriculum follows after appropriate learning opportunities are determined and how
each opportunity is provided. Will the curriculum be designed along the lines of academic disciplines, or
according to student needs and interests or along theme? These are some of the questions that need to be
answered at this stage of the development process.
3. Curriculum Implementation
A designed curriculum is now ready for implementation. Teachers the prepare instructional plan
where instructional objectives are specified and appropriate teaching methods and strategies are utilized to
achieve the desired learning outcome among student.

4. Evaluation
The last step of the curriculum model is evaluation. A comprehensive evaluation using a variety of
evaluation technique is recommended. It should involve the total educational programme of the school and
the curriculum plan, the effectiveness of instruction and the achievement of student. Through the
evaluation process, curriculum planner and developer can determine whether or not the goal of the school
and objectives of instruction have been met.
All the model utilized the processes of (1) curriculum planning, (2) curriculum designing, (3) curriculum
implementing, and (4) curriculum evaluating.
THANK YOU!