Komunikasi antar sel

Komunikasi antar sel

•Tdk ada sel yang hidup terisolasi
komuinikasi
•Organisme multiseluler Organ/jaringan
Koordinasi pertumbuhan dan
metabolisme
Komunikasi antar sel : direct contact & signaling molecules

Signaling cells signaling molecules target cell (specific receptor)

Extracellular signaling
Communication involves 6 steps :
1. Synthesis
2. Release of signaling molecules
3. Transport of signal to target cell
4. Detection of signal by specific receptor
5. Change in cellular metabolism, function or development
6. Removal of signal  terminates response
Cells-cells communications

1. - receptor
- mediator
2. Signal transduction
3. Intracellular pathways
4. Nuclear response gene activation
DNA RNA

Protein
5. Protein action respons to stimuli
SIGNALING MOLECULES OPERATE OVER VARIOUS DISTANCES :
 SOME COMPOUND CAN ACT MORE THAN 1 TYPE OF CELL TO CELL SIGNALING
1. Epinephrine: as neurotransmitter  paracrine
as systemic hormone endocrine

2. EGF – membrane bound  signal to adjacent cells

- cleavage by protease  release  signal to distant cells

Receptor protein exhibit ligand-binding & effector specification

Ligand  receptor  conformational change  initiates sequence of reaction  specific
cellular response ( sometimes with second messenger)
•Different cell types -- different sets of receptors for same ligand  induce different
response
•Same receptor in various cell types :
different cell types – same receptor for same ligand  trigger
different response:
i.e : acetylcholine receptors:
- striated muscle cell  trigger contraction
- heart muscle  slow the rate of contraction
- pancreatic aciner cell  exocytosis of secretory granules
•Different receptor-ligand complex  same cellular response
i.e.: liver cell : - glucagon receptor & epinephrine receptor  degradation of
glycogen  release glucose into blood.
Receptors : intracellular & cell surface receptors
CELL-SURFACE RECEPTOR BELONG TO 4 MAJOR CLASSES
CELL-SURFACE RECEPTOR BELONG TO 4 MAJOR CLASSES

hormone
signal

outside

GPCR plasma
membrane

  cytosol

AC
GDP GTP

GTP GDP ATP cAMP + PP i

Ligand – CSRs - Second Messengers (increase / decrease) :
(cAMP, cGMP, DAG, IP3, Ca 2+)

Alteration activity enzymes or non enzymatic proteins

Metaboilic functions :- utilization of glucose, mobilization of fat,

secretion of cellular product,
- proliferation, defferentiation, survival of cells
(regulating transcription specific genes)

Other conserved proteins in signal transduction (intracellular signaling mols.):

GTPase Swicth Proteins, Protein Kinases, Adapter Proteins
GTPase Switch Proteins : trimeric G proteins, Ras & Ras like proteins.
GTP-binding proteins bound to GTP  active,
GTP-binding proteins bound to GDP  inactive,
Protein Kinases modulate the activity or the binding properties of substrate proteins
by phosphorylating serine, threonine or thyrosine residues .
The phosphorylated form of some proteinsis active, whereas the dphosphorylated form
of some other proteins is active.
The combined action of kinases & phosphatases, can cycle proteins between active &
inactive states. O
P ro te in K in a s e
P ro te in O H + ATP P r o te in O P O + ADP
O
Pi H 2O
P ro te in P h o s p h a ta s e
Adapter Proteins :
-no catalytic activity
-no activation effector prroteins
-Docking sites for other proteins :i.e;phosphotyrosine residues (SH2 & PTB domains),
proline-rich sequences (SH3 & WW domains), phosphoinositides (PH domains), and
unique C-terminal sequenceswith a C-terminal hydrophobic residue (PDZ domains)
Characteristic Properties of Principal Types of Mammalian Hormones
GPCRs:
-light activated receptors (eye)
-Odorant receptors (nose)
-Hormones & neurotransmitters .
Epinephrine :
ß-adrenergic receptors : 1) liver : - liberation of glucose
- liberation of fatty acids
2) heat muscle : increase contraction rates
3) intestine smooth muscles : relax
α2-adrenergic receptor : smooth muscle blood vesels : intestinal, skin, kidney 
arteries constrict  cut off circulation to peripheral organs.
β1-β2 adrenergic receptor-coupled to Gs  activate adenylyl cyclase.
α1-α2 adrenergig receptors coupled to Gq & Gi
Gi – inhibit adenylyl cyclase
Gq – stimulate phospholipase C  generate IP3 & DAG
Replication
And
Repair
 replication
DNA DNA
transcription

mRNA

ribosome
tRNA translation

OFFSPRING
protein
 What is :
Genome
Chromosom
Replicon
DNA
 PROCARYOT EUCARYOT
(Bacteria)

CHROMOSOMAL -double helix, -double helix

DNA -circular, -linear,
-usually single -usually
multiple
EXTRA - Plasmid -Mitochondrial
CHROMOSOMAL
-Chloroplast
DNA
 Eucaryotic replicon are small and
replicate more slowly than bacterial
DNA
Organism No.of Replicon Average Length Fork movement
Bacterium 1 4200 kb 50.000
bp/min
Yeast 500 40 kb 3.600 bp/min
Fruit fly 3500 40 kb 2.600 bp/min
Toad 15000 200 kb 500 bp/min
Mouse 25000 150 kb 2.200 bp/min
Human 100000 30 kb 100bp/min
 REPLICATION
Semiconservative
Semidiscontinous
Start from Ori
Bidirectional
Need set of enzymes
 Protein / Enzymes in replication
Helicase
Primase
SSB
DNA polymerase :
Bacterial : (I) (II) (III)
Mamalian α ε δ β γ
# Topoisomerases
Replication begins at specific
sites
Bacterial : ori C : 9 mers (dnaA boxes)
and 13 mers (AT rich)
Yeast : ARS – element A + ORC 
trigger initiation
Mammalian : Cdk2 – cyclin A  trigger
initiation of DNA
synthesis Cdk2 – cyclin A inhibit by SicI-
analog