Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ACTIVITIES
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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WHAT IS PLANNING?
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WHY DO MANAGERS PLAN?
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PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE
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GOALS AND PLANS
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TYPES OF GOALS
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TYPES OF GOALS (CONT.)
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TYPES OF PLANS
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TYPES OF PLANS (CONT.)
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TYPES OF PLANS (CONT.)
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EXHIBIT 8-1
TYPES OF PLANS
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APPROACHES TO SETTING GOALS
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EXHIBIT 8-2
THE DOWNSIDE OF TRADITIONAL GOAL-SETTING
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APPROACHES TO SETTING GOALS
(CONT.)
Management by objectives (MBO) – a
process of setting mutually agreed upon goals
and using those goals to evaluate employee
performance.
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EXHIBIT 8-3
STEPS IN MBO
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STEPS IN GOAL-SETTING
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EXHIBIT 8-4
WELL-WRITTEN GOALS
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CONTINGENCY FACTORS IN
PLANNING
Lengthof future commitments
– Commitment Concept: Current plans
affecting future commitments must be
sufficiently long-term in order to meet those
commitments.
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EXHIBIT 8-5
PLANNING AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
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CONTINGENCY FACTORS IN
PLANNING (CONT.)
Environmental Uncertainty
– When uncertainty is high, plans should be
specific, but flexible.
– Managers must be prepared to change or
amend plans as they’re implemented.
– At times, they may even have to abandon the
plans.
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APPROACHES TO PLANNING
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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN
PLANNING
How Can Managers Plan Effectively in Dynamic
Environments?
– In an uncertain environment, managers
should develop plans that are specific, but
flexible.
– Managers need to recognize that planning is
an ongoing process.
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CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN PLANNING
(CONT.)
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.1
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.2
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.2 (CONT.)
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.2 (CONT.)
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.3
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.3 (CONT.)
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.3 (CONT.)
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.3 (CONT.)
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REVIEW LEARNING OBJECTIVE 8.4
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