CHAPTER III

Theories of Crime
Causation
Topics
1. Approaches in Crime
Causation
2. The Schools of Thought in
Criminology
3. Theories of Crime
Causation

JBDavid
Approaches in Crime Causation
 If you were to find the answers of why some
people commit crimes, where would you look
for the answers? Would you search for events
that might have influence a criminal to
commit crimes? There are many approaches
in the explanation of crimes in order to come
to an answer to these questions. Among
them are the (1) Subjective, (2) Objective
and the (3) Contemporary approaches, which
most Criminologists today adopted to be
most significant

JBDavid
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
 It deals mainly on the biological
explanation of crimes, focused
on the forms of abnormalities
that exist in the individual
criminal before, during and after
the commission of the crime
(Tradio, 1999).

JBDavid
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
 Anthropological Approach – the study
on the physical characteristics of an
individual offender with non-offenders in
the attempt to discover differences
covering criminal behavior (Hooton).
 Medical Approach - the application of
medical examinations on the individual
criminal explain the mental and physical
condition of the individual prior and after
the commission of the crime (Positivist).

JBDavid
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
 Biological Approach –the evaluation of
genetic influences to criminal behavior. It is
noted that heredity is one force pushing the
criminal to crime (Positivist).
 Physiological Approach – the study on the
nature of human being concerning his
physical needs in order to satisfy. It explains
that the deprivation of the physical body on
the basic needs is an important determinant
in the commission of crime (Maslow).

JBDavid
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES
 Psychological Approach – it is concerned
about the deprivation of the psychological
needs of man, which constitute the
development of deviations of normal
behavior resulting to unpleasant emotions
(Freud, Maslow).
 Psychiatric Approach – the explanation
of crime through diagnosis of mental
diseases as a cause of the criminal behavior
(Positivist).

JBDavid
SUBJECTIVE APPROACHES

Psychoanalytical Approach –
the explanation of crimes based
on the Freudian Theory, which
traces behavior as the deviation
of the repression of the basic
drives (Freud).

JBDavid
OBJECTIVE APPROACHES

The objective approaches deal

on the study of groups, social
processes and institutions as
influences to behavior. They are
primarily derived from social
sciences (Tradio, 1999).

JBDavid
OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
Geographic Approach – this approach
considers topography, natural resources,
geographical location, and climate lead
an individual to commit crime (Quetelet).
Ecological Approach – it is concerned
with the biotic grouping of men resulting
to migration, competition, social
discrimination, division of labor and
social conflict as factors of crime (Park).

JBDavid
OBJECTIVE APPROACHES
 Economic Approach – it deals with
the explanation of crime concerning
financial security of inadequacy and
other necessities to support life as
factors to criminality (Merton).
 Socio – Cultural Approach – those
that focus on institutions, economic,
financial, education, political, and
religious influences to crime (Cohen).

JBDavid
CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES
Modern days put emphasis on
scientific modes of explaining crime
and criminal behavior. This approach
is focused on the psychoanalytical,
psychiatric and sociological
explanations of crime in an integrated
theory – an explanatory perspective
that merges concepts drawn from
different sources (Schmalleger, 1997).

JBDavid
THE SCHOOLS
OF THOUGHT

JBDavid
THE SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT
 In the eighteenth century,
criminological literature, whether
psychological, sociological, or
psychiatric in bent, has traditionally
been divided into four broad schools of
thought about the causes of crime: the
Classical, Neo-Classical, Positivist
and the Chicago schools of
criminology.

JBDavid
The Classical School of Criminology

 Is a broad label for a group of thinkers of crime

and punishment in the 18th and early 19th
centuries. 
 Its most prominent members, Cesare Beccaria
and Jeremy Bentham, shared the idea that
criminal behavior could be understood and
controlled as an outcome of a "human nature"
shared by all of us.  Human beings were believed
to be hedonistic, acting in terms of their own self-
interest, but rational, capable of considering which
course of action was really in their self-interest. 

JBDavid
The Classical School of Criminology

A well-ordered state, therefore,

would construct laws and
punishments in such a way that
people would understand peaceful
and non-criminal actions to be in
their self-interest through
strategies of punishment based on
deterrence.
JBDavid
The Classical School of Criminology

 Cesare Beccaria (Cesare Bonesara

Marchese de Beccaria) with Jeremy
Bentham (1823) who proposed
“Utilitarian Hedonism”, the theory,
which explains that a person always
acts in such a way as to seek pleasure
and avoid pain, became the main
advocates of the Classical School of
Criminology.
JBDavid
Cesare Beccaria
In his “ESSAY on Crimes and Punishment”,
he presented his key ideas on the abolition
of torture as a legitimate means of
extracting confessions. This book founded
the Classical theory of Criminology which
maintains that man is essentially a moral
creature with absolute free will to choose
between good and evil therefore there is
placed upon the criminal himself; that every
man is responsible for his act.

JBDavid
The Classical School of Criminology

Freewill (Beccaria) – a philosophy

advocating punishment severe enough for
people to choose, to avoid criminal acts. It
includes the belief that a certain criminal
act warrants a certain punishment without
any punishment without any variation.
Hedonism (Bentham) – the belief that
people choose pleasure and avoid pain.

JBDavid
The Neo-Classical School of Criminology

 The criticisms against the classical school led to

the foundation of the Neo-classical school of
criminology. Under the neo-classical doctrine,
there are situations or circumstances that made
it impossible to exercise freewill are reasons to
exempt the accused from conviction.
 The Classicist maintained that human are totally
responsible for their actions. The Neoclassicist
said “not always”. They argue that freewill can
be mitigated by pathology, incompetence,
mental disorder.

JBDavid
The Neo-Classical School of Criminology

 The Neoclassical school does not represent any

break with the classical view of human nature. It
merely challenges the classical position of
absolute freewill. Because of this, it led also to
the proposition that while the classical doctrine is
correct in general, it should be modified in
certain details:
◦ That children and lunatics should not be regarded
as criminals and free from punishment.
◦ It must take into account certain mitigating
circumstances.

JBDavid
The Positivist/Italian School of Criminology

 The school that composed of Italians who agreed

that in the study of crime the emphasis should
be on scientific treatment of the criminal, not on
the penalties to be imposed after conviction.
 It maintained that crime as any other act is a
natural phenomenon and is comparable to
disaster or calamity. That crime as a social and
moral phenomenon which cannot be treated and
checked by the imposition of punishment but
rather rehabilitation or the enforcement of
individual measures.

JBDavid
The Positivist/Italian School of Criminology

 The Positivist School of Criminology rejected the

Classical School's idea that all crime resulted from a
choice that could potentially be made anyone. 
Though they did not disagree with the Classical
School that most crime could be explained through
"human nature," they argued that the most serious
crimes were committed by individuals who were
"primitive" or "atavistic"--that is, who failed to
evolve to a fully human and civilized state.  Crime
therefore resulted not from what criminals had in
common with others in society, but from their
distinctive physical or mental defects. 

JBDavid
The Positivist/Italian School of Criminology

 The positivists understood themselves as

scientists: while the classical thinkers were
concerned with legal reform, constructing an
environment in which crime was seen to be not
in an individual's self-interest, the positivists
were concerned with scientifically isolating and
identifying the determining causes of criminal
behavior in individual offenders.
 Cesare Lombroso and his two students,
Enrico Ferri and Rafaele Garofalo were the
primary personalities in this school of thought..

JBDavid
The Positivist/Italian School of Criminology
 Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) – The Italian
leader of the positivist school of criminology, was
criticized for his methodology and his attention
to the biological characteristics of offenders, but
his emphasis on the need to study offenders
scientifically earned him the “father of modern
criminology.” His major contribution is the
development of a scientific approach to the study
of criminal behavior and to reform the criminal
law. He wrote the essay entitled “CRIME: Its
Causes and Remedies” that contains his key
ideas and the classifications of criminals.

JBDavid
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso

1. Born Criminals – there are born criminals

according to Lombroso, the belief that
being criminal behavior is inherited.
2. Criminal by Passion – are individuals who
are easily influenced by great emotions like
fit of anger.
3. Insane Criminals – are those who commit
crime due to abnormalities or psychological
disorders. They should be exempted from
criminal liability.

JBDavid
Classifications of Criminals by Lombroso

4. Criminoloid – a person who

commits crime due to less physical
stamina/self control.
5. Occasional Criminal – are those
who commit crime due to
insignificant reasons that pushed
them to do at a given occasion.
6. Pseudo-criminals – are those who
kill in self-defense.

JBDavid
The Positivist/Italian School of Criminology

Enrico Ferri (1856 – 1929) – He was

the best-known Lombroso’s associate,
parliamentarian, accomplished public
lecturer, brilliant lawyer, editor, and
scholar. Although he agreed with
Lombroso on the biological bases of
criminal behavior, his interest in socialism
led him to recognize the importance of
social, economic, and political
determinants.

JBDavid
Enrico Ferri
 His greatest contribution was his attack on the
classical doctrine of free will, which argued that
criminals should be held morally responsible for their
crimes because they must have made a rational
decision to commit the crime.
 He believed that criminals could not be held morally
responsible for their crimes because they did not
choose to commit crimes but, rather, were driven to
commit them by conditions in their lives. He also
claimed that strict adherence to preventive measures
based on scientific methods would eventually reduce
crime and allow people to live together in society with
less dependent on penal system (Adler, 1995).

JBDavid
The Positivist/Italian School of Criminology

 Raffaele Garofalo (1852 – 1934) – Another

follower of Lombroso, an Italian nobleman,
magistrate, senator, and professor of law. Like
Lombroso and Ferri, he rejected the doctrine of free
will and supported the position that the only way to
understand crime was to study it by scientific
methods. Influenced on Lombroso’s theory of
atavistic stigmata (man’s inferior/ animalistic
behavior), he traced the roots of criminal behavior
not to physical features but to their psychological
equivalents, which he called “moral anomalies”.

JBDavid
Raffaele Garofalo
 According to his theory, natural crimes are
found in all human societies, regardless of
the views of the lawmakers, and no civilized
society can afford to disregard them.
 Natural crimes, according to Garofalo, are
those that offend the basic moral
sentiments of probity (respect for property
of others) and piety (revulsion against the
infliction of suffering on others) (Adler,
1995).

JBDavid
Types of Criminals by Garofalo

1. Murderers – those who are

satisfied from vengeance/revenge.
2. Violent Criminals – those who
commit very serious crimes.
3. Deficient Criminals – those who
commit crime against property.
4. Lascivious Criminals – those who
commit crime against chastity.

JBDavid
Other advocates of Positivist Criminology
 Gabriel Tarde (1843 – 1904) – he formulated
one of the earliest sociological theories of criminal
behavior, who served fifteen years as provincial
judge and then placed in charge of Frances’ National
Statistics. He rejected the Lombrosian theory of
biological abnormality, which was popular in his
time, arguing that criminals were normal people who
learned crime just as others learned legitimate
trades. He formulated his theory in terms of laws of
imitation – principles that governed the process by
which people became criminals.

JBDavid
Other advocates of Positivist Criminology

 Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917) - He

advocated the “Anomie Theory”, the
theory that focused on the sociological
point of the positivist school which explains
that the absence of norms in a society
provides a setting conductive to crimes and
other anti-social acts. According to him, the
explanation of human conduct lies not in
the individual but in the group and the
social organization.

JBDavid
The Chicago School
 The Chicago School arose in the early 20th century
through the work of Robert Ezra Park, Erness
Burgess, and other urban sociologists at the
University of Chicago.
 In the 1920’s, Park and Burgess identified five
concentric zones that often exists as cities grow,
including the “zone in transition”, which was
identified as most volatile and subject to disorder.
 In the 1940’s, Henry McKay and Clifford R.
Shaw focused on Juvenile Delinquents, finding
that they were concentrated in the zone of
transition.

JBDavid
THE CRIME
THEORIES

JBDavid
What is a Theory?
A theory is any system of ideas arranged in
rational order that produce general principles
which increase our understanding and
explanations. 
The general principles in a theory are derived
from, and representative, of particular facts, but
those principles are not dependant upon the
particular thing to be explained (Kaplan 1964). 
The function of theory is to provide puzzles for
research (Lewis Coser).

JBDavid
What are Crime Theories?
 To understand criminal justice, it is necessary to
understand crime. Most policy-making in criminal justice
is based on criminological theory, whether the people
making those policies know it or not. In fact, most of the
failed policies (what doesn’t work) in criminal justice are
due to misinterpretation, partial implementation, or
ignorance of criminological theory. Much time and money
could be saved if only policymakers had a thorough
understanding of criminological theory.
 A crime is crime because the law says so. Sure, there are
concerns about over criminalization (too many laws) and
under criminalization (not enough laws), but at least on
the surface, a legalistic approach seems practical.

JBDavid
What are Crime Theories?
 Criminological theories are primarily
concerned with etiology (the study of causes or
reasons for crime), but occasionally have
important things to say about actors in the
criminal justice system, such as police, lawyers,
correctional or jail officers and victims.
 Twenty-two (22) Theories will be discussed
for better understanding on Crime Etiology,
other than the major propositions presented
by the different personas from the different
Schools of Thought.

JBDavid
(1) The Demonological Theory
 Before the development of more scientific theories of criminal
behavior, one of the most popular explanations was
Demonology.
 According to this explanation, individuals were thought to be
possessed by good or evil spirits, which caused good or evil
behavior. The theory maintains that criminal behavior was
believed to be the result of evil spirits and demons something
of natural force that controls his/her behavior. Centuries ago,
Guilt and innocence were established by a variety of
procedures that presumably called forth the supernatural allies
of the accused. The accused were innocent if they could survive
an ordeal, or if miraculous signs appeared. They were guilty if
they died at stake, or if omens were associated with them.
 Harsh punishments were also given.

JBDavid
(2) The Anomie Theory
 Anomie, in contemporary English, means a
condition or malaise in individuals,
characterized by an absence or diminution of
standards or values. When applied to a
government or society, anomie implies a social
unrest, similar to the use of the word anarchy.
 The word comes from Greek, namely the
prefix a- “without”, and nomos “law”- literally,
“without law”.
 This theory is advocated by David Emile
Durkheim

JBDavid
The Anomie Theory
 This theory focused on the sociological point of
the positivist school which explains that the
absence of norms in a society provides a setting
conducive to crimes and other anti-social acts.
According to him (Durkheim), the explanation
of human conduct lies not in the individual but
in the group and the social organization.
 He also maintained that crime is an “important
ingredient of all healthy societies because crime
make people more aware of their common
interest and help to define appropriate, moral,
or lawful behavior.”

JBDavid
(3) The Psychoanalytical Theory
 Psychologists have considered a variety of
possibilities to account for individual
differences – defective conscience, emotional
immaturity, inadequate childhood
socialization, maternal deprivation, and poor
moral development.
 The Freudian view on criminal behavior was
based on the use of Psychology in explaining
an approach in understanding criminal
behavior.
 Advocated by Sigmund Freud (1835 -1918).

JBDavid
The Psychoanalytical Theory
Sigmund Freud maintains that:
◦ Criminal behavior is a form neurosis, that
criminality may result from an over active
conscience.
◦ Crime is the result of the compulsive need
for punishment to alleviate guilt and anxiety
◦ Criminal behavior is a means of obtaining
gratification of need
◦ Criminal conducts represent a displaced
hostility. Criminality is essentially a
representation of psychological conflict.
JBDavid
(4) The Human Ecology Theory
 This theory is advocated by Robert Ezra Park
(1864 - 1944). Park is a strong advocate of the
scientific method in explaining criminality but he is
a sociologist.
 Human Ecology is the study of the interrelationship
of people and their environment.
 This theory maintains that crime is a function of
social change that occurs along with environmental
change. It also maintains that the isolation,
segregation, competition, conflict, social contract,
interaction and social hierarchy of people are the
major influences of criminal behavior and crimes.

JBDavid
(5) The Somatotyping Theory
 William H. Sheldon (1898 – 1977) is an
influenced of the Somatotype School of
Criminology, which related body built to behavior.
He became popular of his own Somatotyping
Theory. His key ideas are concentrated on the
principle of “Survival of the Fittest” as a
behavioral science. He combines the biological
and psychological explanation to understand
deviant behavior.
 Sheldon’s “Somatotyping Theory” maintains the
belief of inheritance as the primary determinants
of behavior and the physique is a reliable
indicator of personality.
JBDavid
Classification of Body Physique by Sheldon

1. Endomorphy – a type with relatively

predominance of soft, roundness through out the
regions of the body. They have low specific
gravity. Persons with typically relaxed and
comfortable disposition.
2. Mesomorphy – athletic type, predominance of
muscle, bone and connective tissue, normally
heavy, hard and firm, sting and tough. They are
the people who are routinely active and
aggressive, and they are the most likely to
commit crimes.
3. Ectomorphy – thin physique, flat chest, delicacy
through the body, slender, poorly muscled. They
tend to look more fatigue and withdrawn.
JBDavid
The Somatotyping Theory
 The idea of somatotyping was originated from the
work of a German Psychiatrist, Ernest
Kretschmer (1888 – 1964), who distinguished
three principal types of physique as:
1.Asthenic – lean, slightly built, narrow shoulders
2.Athletic – medium to tall, strong, muscular,
course bones
3.Pyknic – medium height, rounded figure,
massive neck, broad face
 Kretschmer related these body physiques to
various psychotic behavioral patterns: Pyknic to
manic depression, asthenics and athletics to
schizophrenia.
JBDavid
(6) The Differential Association Theory
 DAT – Differential Association Theory,
advocated by Edwin Sutherland (1883 - 1950),
which maintain that the society is composed of
different group organization, the societies consist of
a group of people having criminalistic tradition and
anti-criminalistic tradition. And that criminal
behavior is learned and not inherited. It is learned
through the process of communication, and
learning process includes technique of committing
the crime, motive and attitude.
 Differential Association theory states that
criminal behavior is learned behavior and
learned via social interaction with others.
JBDavid
The Differential Association Theory

Sutherland has been referred to as “The

most Important Criminologist of the
Twentieth Century” because his
explanation about crime and criminal
behavior can be seen as a corrected
extension of social perspective.
For this reason, he was considered as
the “Dean of Modern Criminology.”

JBDavid
(7) The Containment Theory
A broad analysis of the relationship between
personal and social controls is found in Walter
Reckless (1899 – 1988) Containment
Theory.
 This theory is a form of control, which suggests
that a series of both internal and external factors
contributes to criminal behavior .
 The Containment Theory assumes that for every
individual there exists a containing external
structure and a protective internal structure, both
of which provide defense, protection or insulation
against crime or delinquency.

JBDavid
(8) The Social Class Conflict and
Capitalism Theory
 Karl Marx, Frederick Engel, Willem Bonger
(1818 -1940) are the proponents of the Social Class
Conflict and Capitalism Theory.
 Marx and Engel claim that the ruling class in a
capitalist society is responsible for the creation of
criminal law and their ideological bases in the
interpretation and enforcement of the laws. All are
reflected in the ruling class, thus crime and
delinquency are reflected on the demoralized
surplus of population, which is made up of the
underprivileged usually the unemployed and
underemployed.
JBDavid
The Social Class Conflict and Capitalism
Theory

Willem Bonger, a Marxist-

Socialist, on the other hand,
placed more emphasis on
working bout crimes of economic
gain. He believes that profit -
motive of capitalism generates
an egoistic personality. Hence,
crime is an inevitable outcome.
JBDavid
(9) The Strain Theory
 Advocated by Robert King Merton (1910). He
is the premier sociologist of the modern days
who, after Durkheim, also related the crime
problem to anomie.
 The Strain Theory maintains that the failure of
man to achieve a higher status of life caused
them to commit crimes in order for that
status/goal to be attained. He argued that crime
is a means to achieve goals and the social
structure is the root of the crime problem.
Merton’s explanation to criminal behavior
assumes that people are law abiding but when
under great pressure will result to crime.
JBDavid
(10) The Sub-Culture Theory of
Delinquency
 Albert Cohen (1918) advocated the this theory.
 Cohen claims that the lower class cannot socialize
effectively as the middle class in what is considered
appropriate middle class behavior. Thus, the lower
class gathered together share their common
problems, forming a subculture that rejects middle
class values. Cohen called this process as reaction
formation. Much of this behavior comes to be called
delinquent behavior; the subculture is called a gang
and the kids are called delinquents. He put
emphasis on the explanation of prevalence, origins,
process and purposes as factors to crime.

JBDavid
(11) The Neutralization Theory
Gresham Sykes (1922) advocated it.
The theory maintains that an individual
will obey or disobey societal rules
depending upon his or her ability to
rationalize whether he is protected from
hurt or destruction. People become law
abiding if they feel they are benefited by it
and they violate it if these laws are not
favorable to them.

JBDavid
(12) The Differential Opportunity
Theory
 Lloyd Ohlin (1928) advocated the DOT –
Differential Opportunity Theory. This theory
explained that society leads the lower class to
want things and society does things to people.
 Ohlin claimed that there is differential
opportunity, or access, to success goals by both
legitimate and illegitimate means depending on
the specific location of the individual with in the
social structure. Thus, lower class groups are
provided with greater opportunities for the
acquisition of deviant acts.

JBDavid
(13) The Labeling Theory
Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert,
Howard Becker (1822 - 1982) are the
advocates of the Labeling Theory (or
Social Reaction Theory) – the theory
that explains about social reaction to
behavior. The theory maintains that the
original cause of crime cannot be known,
no behavior is intrinsically criminal, and
behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled
as such.
JBDavid
(14) The Rational Choice Theory
 Rational Choice Theory adopts a
Utilitarian belief that man is a reasoning
actor who weighs means and ends, costs
and benefits, and makes a rational choice.
 In particular, it assumes that the rational
decision is always the decision that will
maximize gain and minimize pain for each
individual: the felicitation principle that
underpinned the penal policy of deterrence.

JBDavid
(15) The Instrumentalist Theory
 Earl Richard Quinney (1934), is a Marxist
criminologist who advocated the Instrumentalist
Theory if capitalist rule. He argued that the state
exist as a device for controlling the exploited class
– the class that labors for the benefit of the ruling
class. He claims that upper classes create laws
that protect their interest and t the same time the
unwanted behavior of all other members of
society.
 Quinney’s major contribution is that he proposed
the shift in focus from looking for the causes of
crime from the individual to the examination of the
Criminal Justice System for clues.
JBDavid
(16) The Social Control Theory
In criminology, Social Control Theory (or
Social Bonding Theory) as represented in
the work of Travis Hirschi fits into the
Positivist School, Neo-Classical School, and,
later, Right Realism. It proposes that
exploiting the process of socialization and
social learning builds self-control and reduces
the inclination to indulge in behavior
recognized as antisocial. It was derived from
Functionalist theories of crime and proposes
that there are four types of control:.

JBDavid
The four types of Control:
1. Direct: by which punishment is threatened or
applied for wrongful behavior, and compliance is
rewarded by parents, family, and authority figures.
2. Indirect: by which a youth refrains from
delinquency through the conscience or superego.
3. Internal: by identification with those who influence
behaviour, say because his or her delinquent act
might cause pain and disappointment to parents and
others with whom he or she has close relationships.
4. Control through needs satisfaction, i.e. if all an
individual's needs are met, there is no point in
criminal activity.

JBDavid
(17) The Social Disorganization Theory
 In criminology, the Social Disorganization
Theory was one of the most important theories
developed by the Chicago School, related to
ecological theories.
 This theory “argues that crime occurs when the
mechanisms of social control are weakened”.
 The theory that crime and other deviant
behavior is most likely to occur where social
institutions are not able to direct and control
groups of individuals.
 It is argued that gangs will arise spontaneously
in social contexts that are weakly controlled.
JBDavid
The Social Disorganization Theory
 Some criminologists think that the concept
of social disorganization just reflects
middle-class failure to comprehend
organization different from their own.
 Social disorganization theory
pioneered by Clifford R. Shaw and
Henry D. McKay suggested that
disorganized communities characterized by
poverty, population heterogeneity, and
residential mobility weakened the
effectiveness of social controls
JBDavid
(18) The Social Learning Theory
 Ronald Akers and Robert Burgess (1966) developed
the Social Learning Theory to explain deviancy by
combining variables which encouraged delinquency (e.g.
the social pressure from delinquent peers) with variables
that discouraged delinquency (e.g. the parental
response to discovering delinquency in their children).
 Social learning theory is the theory that people learn
new behavior through overt reinforcement or
punishment, or via observational learning of the social
actors in their environment. If people observe positive,
desired outcomes in the observed behavior, they are
more likely to model, imitate, and adopt the behavior
themselves.

JBDavid
(19) Theory of Evolution
 Charles Darwin’s Theory (1809
- 1882)
 In the theory of evolution, he
claimed that humans, like other
animals, are parasite. Man is an
organism having an animalistic
behavior that is dependent on
other animals for survival. Thus,
man kills and steals to live.
JBDavid
(20) Charles Goring’s Theory
 Charles Goring’s Theory (1870 - 1919), a
medical officer in prison in England who
accepted the Lombroso’s challenge that body
physique is a determinant to behavior. Goring
concluded that there is no such thing a physical
chemical type. He contradicted the Lombroso’s
idea that criminality can be seen through
features alone. Nevertheless, Goring accepted
that criminals are physically inferior to normal
individuals in the sense that criminals tend to be
shorter and have less weight than non-criminals.

JBDavid
(21) Earnest Hooton’s Theory
 Earnest Hooton’s Theory (1887 - 1954), An
Anthropologist who reexamined the work of
Goring and found out that “TALL THIN MEN
tend to commit forgery and fraud,
UNDERSIZED MEN are thieves and burglars,
SHORT HEAVY PERSON commit assault,
rape and other sex crimes; where as
MEDIOCRE (AVERAGE) PHYSIQUE flounder
around among other crimes.”
 He also contended that criminals are originally
inferior; and that crime is the result of the
impact of environment.
JBDavid
(22) Cartography
Adolphe Quetelet (1796 – 1874)
was a Belgian Statistician who
pioneered Cartography and the
Carthographical School of
Criminology that placed emphasis on
social statistics. He discovered, basing
on his research, that crimes against
persons increased during summer and
crimes against property tends to
increase during winter.
JBDavid