PATOLOGI IKAN

INTERAKSI POLUTAN DAN PENYAKIT

 Water Pollution
The contamination of water  bodies
(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans). This form of
environmental degradation  occurs when
pollutants  are directly or indirectly discharged
into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
 WATER POLLUTION
• Greatest cause of human disease
• Any physical, biological, chemical change in
water quality
• Water becomes unsuitable for use
• Global water scarcity
• Earth – 20% area land, 80% area water
• Man consumes 2 liters water every day
 Point Source Pollution
vs.
Nonpoint Source Pollution

What’s the difference?

Slides by Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers University

 Point Source Pollution

 comes from a specific source,

like a pipe

 factories, industry, municipal

treatment plants

 can be monitored and

controlled by a permit system
What is nonpoint source pollution?

 Nonpoint Source (NPS)

Pollution is pollution
associated with
stormwater or runoff

 NPS pollution cannot be

traced to a direct discharge
point such as a wastewater
treatment facility
 Pollutants Found in Runoff
Sediment Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Soil particles ● Oxygen depleting material
transported from Leaves
their source Organic material

Toxics Nutrients
● Pesticides ● Various types of materials that
 Herbicides become dissolved and suspended in
 Fungicides water (commonly found in fertilizer and
 Insecticides plant material):
● Metals (naturally occurring in  Nitrogen (N)
soil, automotive emissions/  Phosphorus (P)
tires)
 Lead
 Zinc Bacteria/ Pathogens Thermal Stress
 Mercury Originating from: Heated runoff,
● Petroleum Hydrocarbons ● Pets removal of
(automotive exhaust and ● Waterfowl streamside
fuel/oil) vegetation
● Failing septic systems
Debris
Litter and illegal dumping
 The act of chemical pollutants
• Settling on the substrate & smothering life
there
Polutan memiliki kemampuan untuk terakumulasi dalam substrat dan mengganggu kehidupan
biota disekitarnya

• Through acute toxicity leading to death of

organisms
Melalui mekanisme toksiknya, polutan kimia dapat mengakibatkan kematian
organisme

• Depleting oxygen values to a threshold level

causing death of organisms
Mengurangi kandungan oksigen karena upaya penguraiannya
 Why are these pollutants important?
 Sediment reduces light penetration in
stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic
invertebrates.
 Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae & aquatic
plants which can cause highly varying
dissolved oxygen levels. At low DO levels,
the aquatic life has the potential to be
harmed.
 Toxics can impact life and contaminate
drinking water supplies.
 Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of
possible viruses present in the system.
Disease = Opportunity & Condition
 Disease..
Disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs the normal
Functioning of the body. For this reason, diseases are
associated . With dysfunctioning of The body's normal
homeostatic process.

a. Infectious disease
b. Non infectious disease
Water Pollution = Anthropogenic factor
 Water Pollution

Diseases and Effects

 Caused by polluted beach water  Infectious diseases caused by

o Gastroenteritis pathogens

o Dhiarrhea – 3 million death o Typhoid

o Encephalitis o Giardiasis
o Stomach cramps and aches
o Amoebiasis
o Vomiting
o Ascariasis
o Hepatitis
o Hookworm
o Respiratory infections
 Environmental Risk Factors
 Pollution
 Radiation
 Altitude
 Temperature
 Chemical factors
Cyanide
Nitrite
Cadmium
Ammonia
 Lifestyle Risk Factors
Insufficient food availability
Stress condition
 Non-Infectious Diseases:
• Ammonia Toxicity
NH3 + H2O ↔   NH4+ + OH-

• Ammonia exists in two forms in the water:           

- NH3   ( this is called unionized ammonia )
- NH4+  ( this is called ionized ammonia )
• Ammonia may be taken up by plants or oxidized by bacteria into nitrate (NO 3-) or
nitrite (NO2). 
• NH3 is the principal form of toxic ammonia. It has been reported toxic to
freshwater organisms at concentrations ranging from 0.53 to 22.8 mg/L.
• Toxic levels are both pH and temperature dependent. Toxicity increases as pH
increases and as temperature increases.
 Non-Infectious Diseases:
Ammonia Toxicity: Clinical signs:
Most commonly observed in new systems Dyspnea
Telangiectasia
More problematic in cold weather Gill damage
Bacteria decreased function Mucous
Check regularly in the winter production
Toxic levels vary with pH Skin,eye,gill
Un-ionized form highly fatal at 0.2 ppm damage
Lethargy
1 ppb-0.02 ppm
Ammonia exerts toxic effects in the Treatment:
Chronic toxicity
water column and does not accumulate Water changes
in the sediments.  Correct inciting cause
Evaluate filtration
Often insufficient capacity
System burden
Fish density
Organic load
Detritus
Diet
 Nitrite Toxicity
• Nitrite is an intermediate and important product in bacterial
nitrification and denitrification processes in the nitrogen
cycle.
• The concentration of nitrite in natural water is typically low in
the µM range.
• Elevated concentrations of nitrite can be found in water
receiving nitrogenous effluents, in various hypoxic
environments or in effluents from industries producing
metals, dyes and celluloid
 Non-Infectious
Nitrite toxicity:
Diseases:
Clinical signs Treatment:
Similar to ammonia
Acute toxicity
Methemoglobinemi Remove fish to ammonia and
a nitrite-free water
Oxygenate water
Brown blood Increase salt
Chloride competes with
Muddy gills nitrite at gill
3 ppt
Diagnosis:
Test water Chronic toxicity
Evaluate biological filter,
Blood sample stocking density, feeding
practices
Histopathology
 Methaemoglobin
• The blood appears to be the primary target of
nitrite action. From the blood plasma, nitrite
diffuses into red blood cells, where it oxidises
iron in haemoglobin (Hb) to the +3 oxidation
state.
• Haemoglobin that is changed in this way is
called methaemoglobin or ferrihaemoglobin
(Kiese, 1974), which lacks the capacity to bind
oxygen reversibly (Bodansky, 1951)
 Q1
O Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang
Methaemoglobin pada ikan?
 Non-Infectious Diseases:
Hypoxia:
Low oxygen levels
How can oxygen levels become depleted in
a system?
Rare in aquariums because of aeration
More common in ponds
Oxygen depletion occurs during the hours
when the sun is down
Phytoplankton biomass can consume
huge amounts of oxygen
High mortalities noted at dawn or early
morning
Largest fish typically go first
 Non-Infectious Diseases:
 Hypoxia:
Diagnosis
- Measure dissolved oxygen levels

Treatment
-Acute toxicity
-Move fish to well oxygenated/aerated
water

-Prophylactically
-Aerate water-especially at night
-Manage phytoplankton blooms
-Reduce nitrogen in system
 Q2
O Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang
Hypoxia pada ikan?
 Non-Infectious Diseases:
Hypercapnia:
Clinical signs
Narcosis
Lethargy/depression
Slowed respirations
Diagnosis
Test water, pH
Treatment
Increase pH
Increase oxygen
Stop supplemental CO2
 Q3
O Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang
Hypercapnia pada ikan?
 Non-Infectious Diseases:
Gas-bubble disease:
Nitrogen gas most common
Clinical signs
Gas bubbles under skin and fins, ischemia and
necrosis
Diagnosis
Physical exam, evaluate water source
Treatment
Stop supplemental gas (CO2, pumps),
evaluate water source (deep well), minimize
venturi’s .

*ischemia = restriction in blood supply

 Fish deformities

Fish in the last five to six years have been found with lumps on them, humpbacks,
and crooked tails Walleye exhibiting external tumors, bulging eyes, and abnormal
fins, Lake Athabasca AB, near Ft.Chipewyan . Caused by water pollution from the
oil sands.
What Happens When an Excess of Metals Enters
Freshwater Ecosystems?

• Metals can become ‘locked up’ in bottom

sediments
• Both localized and dispersed metal pollution
cause environmental damage because metals are
non-biodegradable
• considerable amount of various metals may
deposited in fish tissues without causing
mortality
• Various metals are accumulated in fish body in
different amounts
Hazards of Heavy Metals on Fish
The external organs are affected due to the
toxic heavy metals, causing loss of
equilibrium, increased opercular movement,
irregular vertical movements, finally leading to
death. Cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic
cause severe damage to the renal and nervous
systems of fish as well as gill damage
 Histopathological Alterations Due to Heavy
Metal Pollution in Fish Organs/Tissues

Gills of Tilapia fish Gills of Tilapia fish

exposed/reared in areas exposed/reared in areas
heavily polluted with heavy heavily polluted with heavy
metals showing lamellar
metals showing lamellar necrosis.
telangiectasis
 Q4
O Apa yang Anda ketahui tentang
Telangiectasia pada ikan??
Skin of fish reared in polluted area with heavy
metals showing hyperactivation of goblet cells
and dermal melanosis