Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr.Randy V.Alfons
Maret 2018
The term DM
refers to the excretion of large quantities of sweet
urine. Diabetes is an old word (from Greece
“diabaino”) for siphon and means “dieresis”, mellitus
(from Latina “mell”) means honey or “sweet” taste of
a urine.
Banting Best
1891 - 1941 1899 - 1978
Definisi & Tipe
Tipe lain
Defek genetik fungsi sel beta dan kerja insulin,infeksi, dll
Diagnosa diabetes
Tahun terdiagnosa
Lebovitz. Diabetes Reviews 1999;7:139–53 (data are from the UKPDS population: UKPDS 16. Diabetes 1995;44:1249–58)
In 2014, Indonesia is # 5 largest diabetes population in the world
2035
Prediksi
Source: International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas., 6th edition update 2014
.http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas
Cell types in
pancreatic
islets of
Langerhans
Type of Quantity of cells (%) Secreted hormone
cells
Α (α) 20 – 25 Glucagon, GLP-1,
GLP-2
Β (β) 70 – 80 Insulin, amylin
D (δ) 5 – 15 somatostatin
F (РР) 5 - 10 pancreatic polypeptide
Insulin
Molecular weight of this peptic substance is 6000.
It consists of 51 aminoacidic parts from 16 different
aminoacids
Insulin
The most important biologic stimulator of insulin
secretion is glucose
In humans, a study with careful
matching of glucose levels after oral
versus i.v. administration has shown
that the incretin effect contributes to
70–90% of the insulin response to oral
glucose. This effect is partially
achieved by gastrointestinal hormones
that are released during meal ingestion
and augment glucose-stimulated
insulin secretion; the two most
important being glucagon-like
peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-
dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
(GIP).
Insulin is an anabolic hormone (promotes the synthesis of
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids). The most
important target organs for insulin action are:
Insulin insufficiency
Absolute
1. Genetic disorders
2. Autoimmune damaging of β-cells
3. Damaged caused by virusessuch as
mumps, or Coxsackie B4
4. Toxic influence on β-cells
5. Diseases of pancreatic gland
Relative
- β-cells
- Insulin transport
- Receptors (tissue insensitivity)
Type 1,
or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
is characterized by
pancreatic islet beta -
cell destruction and
absolute deficiency.
The onset of the
disease is generally in
youth, but it can occur
at any age. Patients
have dependence on
daily insulin
administration for
survival.
Pathogenesis of type 1 DM
Type 2,
or noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
Type 2 is the most
common form of
diabetes, accounting
for 95 – 90 % of the
diabetic population.
Most investigators
agree that genetic
factors underlie Type 2
DM, but it is probably
not caused by defects at
a single gene locus.
Stages of compensation
Stress, pembedahan
Wanita hamil, kerusakan ginjal berat
Ketoasidosis diabetik
Literatur: Weise, A, et al. Comparison of the dose accuracy of prefilled insulin pens. 2009, 149-153.
Teknik Injeksi dengan Flexpen®
Cara penyuntikkan
Insulin yang sudah dipakai dapat disimpan pada suhu kamar (<300 C) dan akan
stabil sampai dengan 6 minggu (Levemir®) dan 4 minggu (NovoMix® dan
NovoRapid®). Berlaku untuk Flexpen® maupun vial.
Note : Glulisine & Glargine maks. <250 C
1. Dosis selalu harus dimulai dengan dosis rendah yang kemudian dinaikkan
secara bertahap.
2. Harus diketahui betul bagaimana cara kerja, lama kerja dan efek samping
obat-obat tersebut.
3. Bila diberikan bersama obat lain, pikirkan kemungkinan adanya interaksi
obat.
4. Pada kegagalan sekunder terhadap obat hipoglikemik oral, usahakanlah
menggunakan obat oral golongan lain, bila gagal lagi, baru pertimbangkan
untuk beralih pada insulin.
5. Hipoglikemia harus dihindari terutama pada penderita lanjut usia, oleh
sebab itu sebaiknya obat hipoglikemik oral yang bekerja jangka panjang
tidak diberikan pada penderita lanjut usia.
6. Usahakan agar harga obat terjangkau oleh penderita.
Menghitung kebutuhan kalori
Penentuan gizi penderita ditentukan berdasarkan
persentase Berat Badan Relatif (BBR)
BB
BBR = ------- x 100% (BB: Kg, TB: cm)
TB - 100
Status gizi:
BB kurang BB<90% BBR
BB normal BB 90-110% BBR
BB lebih BB 110-120% BBR
BB gemuk BB>120% BBR
PERENCANAAN MAKAN
Pedoman jumlah kalori yang
diperlukan sehari bagi penderita DM
• Kurus : BB x 40-60 kalori
• Normal : BB x 30 kalori
• Gemuk : BB x 20 kalori
• Obesitas : BB x 10 – 15 kalori
PERENCANAAN MAKAN
Makanan dibagi atas 3 porsi besar: pagi (20%), siang (30%),
sore (25%) dan sisa untuk snack diantara makan pagi siang
dan siang-sore. Selanjutnya perubahan disesuaikan dengan
pola makan pasien.
BB 65
BBR = ---- x 100% = ------ x 100%
TB-100 160-100
= 108% (Normal)