3.3.

Consonants

 Place of articulation
 bilabial: /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
 sounds formed with the upper and lower lips.
 labiodental: /f/, /v/
 Sounds formed with the upper teeth and lower lip.
 dental: /θ/, /ð/
 Sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper
front teeth and touching the inner side of the lower teeth.
 alveolar: /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
 Sounds formed with the tongue blade on the alveolar
ridge.
3.3. Consonants

 Place of articulation
 post-alveolar: /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /r/
 Sounds produced with the tongue blade on the area
slightly behind the alveolar ridge.
 palatal: /j/
 Sounds produced with the tongue blade/front and the
hard palate.
 velar: /k/, /ɡ/, /ŋ/
 Sounds produced with the back of the tongue and the
soft palate (velum).
 glottal: /h/
 Sounds produced with the vocal folds in the larynx.
3.3. Consonants

 Manner of articulation
 plosive/stop: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /ɡ/
 The air stream is stopped very briefly then released
suddenly.
 fricative: /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/
 The air stream is almost blocked and the air pushes
through the very narrow opening, which causes friction.
 affricate: /tʃ/, /dʒ/
 The air stream is stopped very briefly then released in an
obstructed fashion which causes friction.
3.3. Consonants

 Manner of articulation
 nasal: /m/, /n/, /ŋ/
 The soft palate (velum) is lowered and the air stream is
allowed to flow through the nose; air does not pass through
the mouth.
 lateral approximant: /l/
 The centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth
so air escapes along the sides of the tongue.
 approximant: /w/, /r/, /j/
 Articulators approach each other but do not get close to
each other.