STUDY OF MATTER

the branch of science that deals with the

properties, composition, and structure of elements
and compounds, how they can change, and the
energy that is released or absorbed when they
change
 THINK OF SOMEONE DEAR TO YOU.
ON A PIECE OF PAPER, WRITE THE QUALITIES
YOU LOVE ABOUT HIM/HER.
SHARE YOUR ANSWER TO THE CLASS.
OBJECTIVE:
Use properties of matter to identify
substances and to separate them.
STEM_GC11MPIa-b-5

GENERAL
CHEMISTRY 1
IS EVERYWHERE AND EVERYTHING!
ANYTHING THAT TAKES UP SPACE!
 MATTER
MATTER IS EVERYWHERE AND
EVERYTHING!

MATTER IS ANTHING THAT TAKES UP

SPACE!
MATTER IS MADE UP OF TINY
PARTICLES CALLED ATOMS!
Describing
Matter
PROPERTIES OF
MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
A property of matter that can be
observed or measured without
changing the identity of the matter.
Physical properties identify matter.
Examples include but are not limited to:
Density Malleability
Ductility Solubility
State Thermal Conductivity
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Density
Amount of mass in a given volume
A substance is always the same at a given pressure and
temperature regardless of the size of the sample of the
substance.
The density of one substance is usually different from that
of another substance.
Density equals mass divided by volume.
D = m / v
PRACTICE
A bar of copper has a mass of 216 g and
a volume of 24 cmᴲ.
What is the density of copper?

The volume of a candy bar is 55 cmᴲ.

The mass of the candy bar is 70 g.
What s the density of the candy bar?
 MORE PRACTICE
An ice cube has a volume of 36 cmᴲ. If
the ice cube has a mass of 33.2 g, what
is the density of the ice cube?
What is the density of water?
 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Malleability
The ability to be pounded into thin sheets.
Example:
Aluminum can be rolled or pounded into sheets to
make foil.
Ductility
The ability to be drawn or pulled into a wire
Example
Copper in wiring – soldering wires or joints
 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
Solubility
The ability to dissolve in another
substance.
Example:
Sugar or salt dissolve in water

Three ways to increase solubility

Heat or make warmer
Grind or smash
Stir or mix
 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
STATE OF MATTER
The physical form in which a substance
exists at room temperature, such as:
Solid – matter has a definite shape and
volume
Liquid – matter takes the shape of its
container and has a definite volume
Gas – matter changes in both shape and
volume
 PHYSICAL PROPERTY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
The ability to transfer thermal energy
from one area to another.
Examples:
Plastic foam is a poor conductor, so a hot
drink won’t burn your hand.
The inside of the toaster (hot coils)
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
A property of matter that describes a
substance based on its ability to change into
a new substance with different properties.
Combustibility
Flammability
Reactivity
Acids
Bases
Oxidation
 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
 Can be observed with your senses.
 Are Not as easy to observe as physical
properties
Example:

 Flammability – Only when wood

burns
Combustibility – Only when fireworks
explode
 Reactivity – Only when iron Oxidizes
(rust)
PHYSICAL CHANGE
A change that affects one or more physical
properties of a substance.
Do Not form new substances.
Can often be Undone
Example Butter on counter can be placed
back in refrigerator.
Change of State
oSolid to Liquid
oLiquid to Gas
 CHEMICAL CHANGE
A change that occurs when one or more substances are
changed into entirely new substances with different
properties.
Can Not change back under normal conditions (some can
be changed back by other chemical means)
Common Examples:
 Reactivity – Oxidation (rust) on a bicycle
 pH (Acid / Base) – Effervescent tablets
 Flammability – Burnt wood
 Combustibility - Fireworks
 5 SIGNS OF A CHEMICAL
CHANGE
The only sure way to know there has been a
chemical change is the observance of a new
substance formed

Sometimes that is hard to do, so look for the

signs…….
SIGN 1 A CHEMICAL CHANGE
Odor Production-this is an odor far different
from what it should smell like
Ex: Rotting eggs, food in fridge,
decomposing flesh
2ND SIGN OF A CHEMICAL
CHANGE
Change in Temperature
Exothermic-When energy is released
do during the chemical change ex:
wood burning
CHANGE IN
TEMPERATURE
Endothermic- Energy is absorbed
causing a decrease in temperature of
the reactant material ex: cold pack in
first aid kit
3RD SIGN OF A CHEMICAL
CHANGE
Change in Color
Ex: fruit changing color when it ripens,
leaves changing color in the Autumn, dying
your hair
4TH SIGN OF A CHEMICAL
CHANGE
Formation of Bubbles
This can indicate the presence of a
gas. Bubbles produced when boiling
water is not a chemical change.
 5TH SIGN OF A CHEMICAL
CHANGE

Formation of a Precipitate
When two liquids are combined and a solid is
produced
 OVERVIEW
STATES OF MATTER AND
MIXTURES

Changes of state
• States of matter
• Interconversions between states
Methods of separating and purifying
• ‘Pure substances’ and melting
point data
• Methods of separating mixtures
LearnIT!
KnowIT!
Changes of State

• States of matter
 There are three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas. To explain
the properties of the states, the particle theory is used. It is based on
the fact that all matter is made up of tiny particles and describes the
movement and distance between particles.
Solid Liquid Gas
Close together, Close together, Far apart, random
regular pattern, random arrangement, arrangement, move
vibrate on the spot. move around each quickly.
other.

In chemical equations, the three states are shown as (s), (l), (g)
and (aq) for aqueous solutions.

STATES OF MATTER AND STATE SYMBOLS

 CHANGES OF STATE
Melting and freezing take place at the melting
point.
Boiling and condensing take place at the boiling
point.
Freezing Melting
The amount of energy required to change the state
depends on the strength of the forces between the
particles of the substance.
The stronger the forces between the particles the
higher the melting and boiling point of the
Condensing Boiling substance.

The type of bonding and the structure of the

substance depend on the particles involved.
These are PHYSICAL changes and can easily be reversed,
unlike CHEMICAL changes.
 Pure substances and Formulations

In chemistry, a pure substance is

a single element or compound
not mixed with any other
substance.
Pure substances have specific
melting and boiling temperatures.
These can be used to distinguish
pure substances from mixtures.
 Pure substances and Formulations

In science we would not refer to a

substance such as milk as being pure as it
is a mixture of a number of different
substances.

A mixture consists of two or more elements or

compounds not chemically combined together. The
chemical properties of each substance in the mixture
are unchanged.
QuestionIT
!
Methods of separating and
purifying substances – Part 1

• Pure substances
 Atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures - PART 2
A mixture consists of two or more elements or compounds not chemically
combined together. The chemical properties of each substance in the mixture are
unchanged.
the liquid in which a solute
Solvent
dissolves
Mixtures can be separated by
the substance that dissolves in a physical processes including:
Solute
liquid to form a solution 1. Filtration
2. Crystallisation
Solutio is the mixture formed when a 3. Simple distillation
n solute has dissolved in a solvent 4. Fractional distillation
5. Chromatography
describes a substance that will These physical processes do not
Soluble
dissolve involve chemical reactions and
no new substances are made.
Insolub describes a substance that will not
le dissolve FILTRATION: This technique separates
substances that are insoluble in a solvent from
those that are soluble
ATOMS, ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES - PART 2

CRYSTALLISATION SIMPLE
This technique separates a soluble
DISTILLATION This technique separates a
substance from a solvent by liquid from a mixture by
evaporation evaporation, followed by
condensation

Example - crystallisation of Example - obtaining water

sodium chloride from salt from sea water
solution
This technique separates a mixture into a number of
different parts, called fractions. Substances with
high boiling points condense at the bottom and
substances with low boiling points condense at the
top.
Fractional distillation works because the different
substances in the mixture have different boiling
points.

Example - obtaining ethanol from a

mixture of ethanol and water

Atoms, elements, compounds

and mixtures - PART 2