HYPOTHESIS

TESTING
for the MEAN
 HYPOTHESIS
Goal: TESTING is also
Make statement(s), conjecture,
called significance
or conclusion regarding the
testing.
unknown population parameter
values using the sample data.

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◉ Our goal is to make inference about the mean of
the distribution, .

◉ Assuming that we have a random sample from a

normal distribution with mean, , and variance,

◉ We use the sample mean

to define our statistic. 𝑋 1 + 𝑋 2 +…+ 𝑋 𝑛
𝑋=
𝑛

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CASES
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 “
KNOWN variance,

Z - Test
z

follows standard normal distribution, that is, Z is a normal

random variable with mean 0 and variance 1

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 “
UNKNOWN variance,

T - Test t

follows t-distribution with v = n-1 degrees of freedom

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 “
UNKNOWN variance, ; n > 30

Z - Test z

follows a standard normal distribution

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Summary of Hypothesis Tests for the Population Mean

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To better understand this
chapter, let’s consider the
following examples...

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 If you read the situation,
Example 1
Assuming McDonald’s advertises
that it puts 0.25 pound of beef in its
burgers. You, who frequently visit the
fast food chain think that the burgers
actually contain less than 0.25 pound
of beef. With the permission from the
owner, you selected a random sample
of 60 burgers and found the mean
and standard deviation to be 0.22 and
0.07 respectively. Test at 1% level of
significance.
What is the
claim of the
researcher?
The researcher’s claim is your
alternative hypothesis. It is better
to identify first the said hypothesis
for the null hypothesis is usually
the opposite of the alternative
hypothesis or what the population
is telling you or in this case, what
the owner of the restaurant is
telling you. 10
What is the claim of the researcher?
Alternative
In words: On the average, one
burger contains less than 0.25 pound
Hypothesis
of beef.
In mathematical term:

or

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What is the claim of the owner?
OR, what is claim about the population
parameter (in this case, population mean)?

In words: On the average, one Null

burger contains 0.25 pound of beef.
Hypothesis
In mathematical term:

or

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Test Statistic: Decision Rule:

HOW?

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PROBLEM
1
= - 2.326 Probabilities/ alphas

How?
Interpolation

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 z p Level of significance
-2.33 0.0099
X 0.0100 0.0003x + 0.000699
-2.32 0.0102

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At the 1% level of significance, you, the customer has sufficient evidence to claim
that the mean amount of beef in burgers the restaurant makes is less than 0.25
pounds.

If the null hypothesis is true, then the distribution of the test statistic is
approximately standard normal. To get the p-value, we refer to the Standard Normal
Distribution table which we have used a while ago.

p-value =

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x

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 Z p
-3.3200 0.00045
-3.3197 X -0.01x + 0.0000047
-3.3100 0.00047

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Example 2

In 1970s, the average adult male height in a certain city is

170 cm. Lately, we suspect that the men might have a
different average height due to some environmental
factors. We pick a random sample of size 9 from the adult
males in the city and obtain the mean and variance –
165.80 and 68.01. Is the claim subject to rejection at 0.05
level of significance?

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What is the claim of the researcher?
Alternative
Hypothesis
In words: The mean height of an adult
male in the city is not (or different
from) 170 cm.
In mathematical term:

or

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What is the claim about the population of
men on 1970s?

In words: On the average, the height

of an adult male is 170 cm. Null
In mathematical term: Hypothesis

or

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Test Statistic: Decision Rule:

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the average height of an adult male in the city is different from 170 cm.

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👉
It’s your turn!

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