A.

Conditional (Implication),
If-then clause ( symbol >, → )
If – antecedent
then - consequent
A conditional statement or an
implication is easily recognizable
because of the if-then clause.
Example:
1. If Shalani will host the program,
then she will sing. H > S
2. If Lio will recite a poem, then he
will not dance. R > ~ D
3. If the price of oil will increase,
then the daily fare will
increase. P > F
Other words than can substitute the
if-then clause are:
a) implies g) entails
b) in case h) only if
c) provided that
d) given that
e) necessary condition
f) sufficient condition
Note: There is no change in the
meaning of the conditional
statement (#3 above) even if we
re-state it as:

1. If the price of oil will increase,

the daily fare will increase. P >
F
2. The increase in the price of oil
entails the increase in daily fare. P >
F
3. That there is an increase in the daily
fare is the necessary condition for the
oil price to increase. P > F
4. The price of oil increases only if the
daily fare will increase.
P > F
The conditional statement
p > q (if p then q) means that q
is possible if p is said to be
realized. In like manner, we can
state it in various ways without
the fear of misrepresentation such
as:
 a) q if p
b) p implies q
c) p only if q
d) q in case p
e) q provided that p
  f) q given that p
g) q is a necessary condition
for p
h) p is a sufficient condition
for q
B. Conjunction, and (symbol •, ^)
Uses the word and to connect two
statements.
Example:
1. The president’s economic
agenda and the senate’s
legislative agenda are pro- poor. E •
L
 Other words that can be symbolized
by the • are:
a) but f) however
b) yet g) moreover
c) also h) nevertheless
d) still i) though
e) although j) even though
 
C. Disjunction, or (symbol v)
Disjunction is a compound
statement expressing alternate or
disunion. To form the disjunction,
the English phrase “either or" is
used to connect two simple
statements.
The word either is placed at the
beginning of the statement while
the word or is inserted at the
middle. The meaning of the
disjunction does not change even if
the word “either” is not used.
Example:
1. Either the youth will hold a
party or they will go swimming.
P v S
The youth will hold a party
or they will go swimming. P v
S
2. Either Carol will be a varsity or she
joins the choir. V v C
Carol will be a varsity unless she
joins the choir. V v C
Unless Carol joins the choir, she
will be a varsity. V v C
D. Negation, not (symbol ~ )
The negation of a statement is
simply done by inserting the word
“not” into the statement.
Example:
1. The boy will not shoot the ball.
~S
Other words that can substitute not
in statements are:
a) it is false that
b) it is not the case that
c) it is not true that
Remarks:
1. Punctuations are needed to
avoid ambiguity.
A v B • C is ambiguous. It
could mean
( A v B ) • C or
A v ( B • C).
2. The negation of a disjunction may be
expressed by using the neither-nor
clause.
Example:
Either Harry or Ron will be
elected class president. H v R
Neither Harry nor Ron will be
elected president. ~ ( H v R )
3. Care should also be observed
when using the word “both” as
follows:
The mayor and vice-mayor alone
will not both solve the crime in
their localities.
~ (M•V)
The mayor and vice-mayor alone
will both not solve the crime in
their localities.
~ M • ~ V
Both the mayor and vice-mayor
alone will not solve the crime in
their localities. ~ M • ~ V
1. Either I attend my classes or go to
the mall.
2. Wakeboarding and bungee
jumping are the most adventurous
hobbies.
3. Buildings are strong enough on
condition that they withstand
earthquake.
4. You will graduate with honors only
if you persevere.
5. Children will turn out spoiled
unless parents discipline them.
6. Either you to go the beach or you
stay home and be with your family.
7. Unless you take a rest, neither can
you eat your breakfast nor go to
school.
8. Either I will teach organic
chemistry or analytical chemistry but
if I teach both then I might not teach
discrete mathematics.
1. Rene and Blaise helped David’s
campaign yet John is the winner.
(R,B,J)
2. If either Cj or Alvin will go to the
party, then Sydney
will go swimming, and if Sydney will
not go swimming,
then Cj and Alvin will not both go to
the party. (C, A, S)
3. Either you consult your lawyer and
file a complaint or you’ll lose your
job and be penniless. (C,F,L,P)
4. If you prefer to have a party, then
you can invite all your closest
friends or just put the money in the
bank and use it for business.
(P,I,M,B)
5. If you study your lesson then
you’ll pass the exam or if you
don’t study at all then you’ll
surely fail in the exam. (F,P,S)