Situations often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors are neither in parallel

nor in series.
1.wye (Y) or tee T
2. delta or pi
 Delta to Wye Conversion

R12(Y)  R1  R3
R12(  )  Rb || (Ra  Rc)
Setting R12(Y)  R12(  ) gives
Rb ( Ra  Rc )
R 12  R 1  R 3     1
Ra  Rb  Rc
Similarly,
Rc (Ra  Rb )
R13  R1  R 2  2
Ra  Rb  Rc
Ra (Rb  Rc )
R 34  R 2  R 3  3
Ra  Rb  Rc
Subtractin g Eq.3 from Eq.1 , we get
Rc (Rb  Ra )
R1  R 2  4
Ra  Rb  Rc
 Delta to Wye Conversion
Adding Eqs. (2) and (4) gives
RbRc
R1     5
Ra  Rb  Rc

subtractin g Eq. (4) from Eq. (2) yields

RcRa
R2     6
Ra  Rb  Rc
Subtractin g Eq. (5) from Eq. (1), we obtain
RaRb
R3     7
Ra  Rb  Rc
 Wye to Delta Conversion
from Eqs. (5) to (7) that
R 1R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R 1
RaRbRc ( Ra  Rb  Rc )
 2
   8
( Ra  Rb  Rc )
Dividing Eq. (8) by each of Eqs. (5) to (7)
leads to the following equations
R 1R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R 1
Ra 
R1
R 1R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R 1
Rb 
R 2
R 1R 2  R 2 R 3  R 3 R 1
Rc 
R 3
Conversion Rule: (∆ to Y )
Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the
resistors in the two adjacent branches, divided by the sum of
the three resistors.
Conversion rule :(Y to ∆ )
Each resistor in the " network is the sum of all possible
products of Y resistors taken two at a time, divided by the
opposite Y resistor.
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step1: Remove all the independent sources.
a) Replace voltage source by short circuit
b) Replace current source by open circuit
20Ω

a 10Ω 20Ω
b

10Ω 10Ω 10Ω

8
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step2: Finding RTh
20Ω

a 10Ω 20Ω a 10Ω 10Ω

b b

10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω 10Ω

9
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step2: Finding RTh

a 10Ω 10Ω a 30
b Ω b

30 30
10Ω 10Ω 10Ω Ω Ω 10
10 Ω
Ω

Star to Delta transformation

10
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step2: Finding RTh
a 30 a 30Ω b
Ω b

30 30 7.5Ω
10 7.5Ω
10 Ω Ω
Ω
Ω

a 30Ω b

RTh = 30||15 = 10Ω 15Ω

11
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step3: Finding VTh

a 10Ω 10Ω
b
10V
10Ω 10Ω 10Ω
30V i1 i2
50V

Source Transformations
12
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step3: Finding VTh
a 10Ω 10Ω
For loop 1: b
30  50  30i1 10i2  10V
10Ω 10Ω
0 2  3i1  i2
 (1) 10Ω
30V i1 i2
For loop 2:
50V
50 10  30i2 10i1 

0 6  i1  3i2 (2)
On solving (1) and (2), i1 = 0, i2 = 2A
13
 THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Step3: Finding VTh

Applying KVL to the output loop,

vab 10i1  30 10i2  0
 vab  10 V

Therefore,
VTh  vab  10 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
V
14
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
STATEMENT
• Maximum power is transferred to the load from a network when the load
resistance equals the Thevenin resistance as seen from the load (RL = RTh).

15
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
DERIVATION
If the value of the load resistance is RL , the current
flowing through the circuit is i VTh
 RTh  RL

Power transferred to the load is

 VTh 2
 R  VTh 2 R L i 2 R VTh2
2
p  i RL    L 2 2L

 Rth   RTh  2RL ThR  L
L
 RTh2   2RTh 
R R L
  RL
R 16
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
DERIVATIO dp  (R  R ) 2
 2RL (RTh  RL )
2Th
N 
dRL V 
Th L
(RTh  R )4 
L

 (RTh  R L  
 V Th  (R  R )3  
2  2R )
L Th L 0
0  (RTh  RL  2RL )  (RTh 
R
RLL ) RTh
The power transferred from the source to the load is maximum when the
resistance of the load is equal to the internal resistance of the source.
This condition is referred to as resistance/impedence matching.
17
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER 2
 V Th
• The maximum power transferred is obtained by p max 4 R
Th
p ma
• The total power delivered by the source
2
(R  R )  2  I 2
x  L Th
L RL
• IEfficiency
L under maximum power transfer condition is given by
I 2R
p max  2  LI 2 L 100  50 %
L RL

18
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Example 1. Find the value of the adjustable resistance R that
dissipates the maximum power across terminals a-b. What is
the maximum power that can be delivered to this load?

19
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Solution: Obtain Thevenin
equivalent of source network
100
I (15); I15  4 Vth  4(15)  60V
Vth  Vab  V15 10 A;
15
 15

10 15
Rth  10 5
11  15

20
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Thevenin equivalent is obtained, with Vth=60V and Rth = 11Ω

Rth =11Ω

Vth = 60V +
- RL

Maximum power transfer occurs for RL = Rth = 11Ω

Power delivered to the load is
 V 2
 R  V Th
2
 60 2
 i 2 RL  Th L  81.82W
Pmax  R R  4 R th 4
 th L 
 11
21
 NUMERICAL
Q4. Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer
and compute the maximum power delivered

22
 NUMERICAL
Solution: Step 1: Calculation of Thevenin Voltage and Thevenin
Resistance across terminals a-b

6  12 9 -12 + 18i1 - 12i2 = 0, i2  2A

R Th  2  3  6 || 12  5  18
 => i1 = −2∕3.
KVL around the outer loop: -12 + 6i1 +3i2 +2(0)+VTh =0  VTh  22V
23
 NUMERICAL
For maximum power transfer,
R L = RT h = 9 

The maximum power is,

2
 V Th
 22 2

p max  13.44W
4 RL
49

24
 NUMERICAL
Q5. Find the value of RL that absorbs maximum power
from the circuit and the corresponding power under this
condition.

25
 NUMERICAL
Solution: Obtain VTh and RTh for the circuit below
We can use superposition theorem to find VTh

26
 NUMERICAL
Considering the 20V source only

The current through ‘b-c’ branch 20/20 = 1A (from ‘b’ to

‘c’)
=> voltage
(’b’ across
is higher the ‘b-a’
potential ‘a’) VabV=ba −10
than terminal = 1 ×V 10 = 10 V
∴
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 NUMERICAL
Considering the 10V source only
Note: No current is flowing through
the ‘c-b’ branch
∴ Vab = 5 V (‘a’ is higher potential than
‘b’)

Considering only 2 A source only

Note that the current flowing through
the ‘c-a’ branch is zero
∴ Vab =10 V
5
5
 NUMERICAL
The voltage across the ‘a’ and ‘b’ terminals due to the all
VTh = Vab (due to 20 V) + Vab (due to 10 V) + Vab (due to 2A source)
sources
= -10 + 5 + 10 5V
=

RTh  Rab  5  5 || 10 

 5  5 10 
 10 || 10

29
 NUMERICAL
Thevenin equivalent circuit is drawn below:

Maximum power transfer occurs for RL = Rth = 10 Ω

 V 
2
 V Th
2
 52
Power delivered to the load is Pmax  i 2 RL  Th  0.625W
 R  R  RL 4Rth 4
 th L 
10 30
 NUMERICAL
Q6. Applying Norton’s theorem, calculate the value of R that results
in maximum power transfer to the 6.2Ω resistor. Find the maximum
power dissipated by the resistor 6.2Ω under that situation.

31
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Solution:
Step-1: Short the terminals ‘a’ and ‘b’ after disconnecting the 6.2Ω
resistor. The Norton’s current for the circuit shown is computed by using
‘mesh analysis’.

Loop 1: 12  I1 R  3(I1  I 2 )  36
=> I1  ; I2   24  20R
0  5(I 2  I 3 )  3(I 2  I1 )  15  15 
Loop 2: 10 note I 3  2
8R 8R 32
0, A
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
The Norton resistance is obtained between the terminals ‘a’ and
‘b’
3R
RN  (R || 3)  5 
 3 5
R

33
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Norton equivalent circuit is drawn below:

The maximum power will dissipate in load resistance

when
load resistance = Norton’s resistance i.e. R N  R L  6 . 2 
3R
R N  6.2    5; R  2
3  R
1 2
1
 I N R L   
2 24  20 R   R L 6.61watts

P max 4 4 15  8 R
 34
 SUPERPOSITION
Q1. Using the superposition theorem, find va in the circuit of Fig.

(Ans. 14 Volts)
35
 SUPERPOSITION
Q4. Using superposition theorem, find the current i through 5Ωresistor as
shown in fig.

Ans. -0.538A
36
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q1.Determine the value of RL that will draw the maximum power from the
rest of the circuit in Fig. Calculate the maximum power.

Answer: 126.67 Ω, 96.71 mW.

37
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q2.Find the maximum power that can be delivered to the resistor R in the
circuit of Fig..

Answer: 1.6Ω, 5.625W

38
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q3. The variable resistor R in Fig. is adjusted until it absorbs
the maximum power from the circuit.
(a) Calculate the value of R for maximum power.
(b) Determine the maximum power absorbed by R

Answer: 25 kΩ, 49 mW
39
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q4. For the circuit in Fig, what resistor connected across terminals a-
b will absorb maximum power from the circuit? What is that power?

Answer: 8 kΩ, 152 W

40
 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Q5. Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R in the circuit
of Fig.

Answer: 20.77 W
41