Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 3
Objectives

• Describe how a person would be positioned

to describe the specific location of one body
part in relationship to another.
• Describe the characteristics of the different
body systems.
• Identify each of the cell structures and their
purpose.
Objectives (cont.)

• Identify the four tissues and where each type

of tissue can be found.
• Explain the purpose of the integumentary
system and how this system changes in an
older patient in ways that affect how a
phlebotomist performs a venipuncture.
Objectives (cont.)

• Give a short explanation of the purpose of

the skeletal, muscular, nervous, and
respiratory systems.
• Explain types of tests that can determine the
function of the urinary system.
Objectives (cont.)

• List the types of devices the phlebotomist

needs to be aware of when collecting blood
from a patient on dialysis.
Objectives (cont.)

• Identify and explain the activities that take

place in the digestive system for food
processing.
• Identify the most common disorder of the
endocrine system.
Objectives (cont.)

• Explain some of the common problems a

patient can have with the reproductive
system.
• Explain the purpose of the lymph system.
The Human Body

• Anatomy
– Study of body’s shape and structure
• Physiology
– Study of each body part’s function
 Body Positions
• Median (sagittal) plane
– Equal right and left
sections
• Proximal
– Toward point of
attachment to body
• Distal
– Farthest from point of
attachment to body
 Body Positions (cont.)
• Frontal (coronal) plane
– Separates front from
back
• Transverse plane
– Separates top from
bottom
Body Systems

• Homeostasis
– Maintaining steady state of equilibrium
• Metabolism
– Making or breaking down substances so
body can function
Body Systems (cont.)

• Catabolism
– Production of energy by breaking down
complex compounds into simple substances
• Anabolism
– Process by which the body uses simple
substances to build complex substances
 Cell Structure
• Cytoplasm
– Semifluid inside cell
membrane
• Nucleus
– Brain of cell
 Cell Structure
• Endoplasmic
reticulum
– Channel for the
transport of material
in and out of nucleus
• Mitochondria
– Sites for cell
respiration and
energy production
 Cell Structure (cont.)
• Golgi apparatus
– Synthesize
carbohydrates and
combine them with
protein molecules
• Lysosomes
– Digestive apparatus
Tissues of the Body

• Epithelial tissue
– Covers internal and external surfaces to
provide protection
• Connective tissue
– Supports and connects organs and tissues
Tissues of the Body (cont.)

• Muscle tissue
– Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle
– Tissue that has ability to shorten, thicken, or
contract
• Nervous tissue
– Consists of nerve cells (neurons) allowing
control and coordination of body activities
 Integumentary System
• Epidermis
– Outermost
skin layer
• Dermis
– Lower skin
layer
containing
blood vessels
Skeletal System

• System that supports movement

• Support provided by 206 bones
(See Figure 3.5 in the student text.)
• Axial skeleton
– Skull, ribs, breastbone, and spinal column
• Appendicular skeleton
– Anchor for muscles
Muscular System

• Responsible for both internal and external

movement, body shape, and maintenance of
body temperature
• Can be striated (spindle shaped) or
nonstriated
– Determined by how they look under
microscope
Muscular System (cont.)

• There are three types of muscles that help

the body with involuntary and voluntary
movement.
• Cardiac
– Striated involuntary muscle of heart
Muscular System (cont.)

• Skeletal
– Striated muscle attached to bone for
voluntary body movement
• Smooth
– Non-striated involuntary muscle covering
walls of digestive tract and other internal
body organs
Nervous System

• Provides communication lines for different

body systems:
– Central nervous system
• Communication lines for body systems
– Peripheral nervous system
• Nerves that connect to brain and spinal cord
– Autonomic nervous system
• Carries impulses to involuntary muscles and
glands
Respiratory System

• Maintains body’s ability to exchange gases

 Respiratory System (cont.)
• External respiration
– Exchange between
lungs and blood
• Internal respiration
– Exchange between
blood and cells
 Urinary System
• Kidneys
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
 Urinary System (cont.)
• Kidneys • Bladder
– Regulate amount of – Reservoir for urine
water and solutes • Urethra
the body system
– Channel to push
expels
urine out of body
• Ureters
– Carry urine from
each kidney to the
bladder
Substances Produced by
the Urinary System
• Renin
– Regulates blood pressure
• Erythropoietin
– Stimulates red blood cell production in the
bone marrow
• Vitamin D
– Used by the body for the development of
teeth and bones; controls calcium and
phosphorus metabolism
Digestive System

• System that helps the body absorb nutrients

that the tissue cells need
 Digestive System (cont.)
• Ingestion
• Peristalsis
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Defecation
Digestive System (cont.)

• Ingestion
– Chewing of food to break it down
• Peristalsis
– Movement of food along digestive tract
• Digestion
– Chemical breakdown of food
Digestive System (cont.)

• Absorption
– Nutrients are absorbed into blood capillaries
as food moves through small intestine
• Defecation
– Elimination of wastes from the body
Endocrine System

• Composed of glands that manufacture and

secrete hormones needed in body
• Helps body maintain homeostasis
Reproductive System

• Specialized sex cells or gametes produced

by gonads of both male and female sex
organs
• Hormone production maintained
Reproductive System (cont.)

• Gonads of female (ovaries) produce egg

cells (ova)
• Gonads of male (testes) produce sperm
 Lymphatic System
• Lymph • Thymus gland
• Lymph nodes • Lymphoid tissue
• Lymph vessels • Intestines
• Spleen • Tonsils
 Lymphatic System (cont.)
• Closely associated
with circulatory
system
 Lymphatic System (cont.)
• Primary purpose:
– Drain protein-
containing fluid
(interstitial fluid)
that escapes from
blood capillaries
Functions of the Lymphatic System

• Lymph fluid (interstitial fluid) found between

blood in capillaries and tissue
• Lymph vessels
– Transport lymph fluid between capillary
blood and tissue
 Functions of the
• Lymphatic
Lymph nodes System (cont.)
– Produce white blood cells (WBCs) and filter out
bacteria and foreign matter
• Spleen
– Removes old RBCs
• Thymus gland
– Produces T-lymphocyte cells to maintain immunity
Study of Body Systems

• Cardiology – study of the heart

• Dermatology – study of the skin
• Endocrinology – study of the endocrine
glands
• Gastroenterology – study of the stomach and
intestines
• Gynecology – study of female disease
Study of Body Systems
(cont.)
• Hematology – study of the blood
• Neurology – study of the nerves and the
brain and spinal cord
• Oncology – study of malignant diseases and
cancer
• Ophthalmology – study of the eye
Study of Body Systems
(cont.)
• Pathology – study of disease
• Psychology – study of the mind and mental
disorders
• Rheumatology – study of joint diseases