BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT
BY-
OMKAR CHAUDHARI
CLASS 12TH-B
ROLL NO. 11230
 CERTIFICATE

This to certify that this “ Biology Investigatory Project “ on the topic

Spermatogenesis has been submitted by Omkar Chaudhari of class XII-
B under the guidance of Mrs. Geetha Pillai in particular fulfilment of
the curriculum of CBSE leading to the award of annual examination of
the year 2022-23
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been
possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.
I would like to thank my principal, Mr. Naresh kumar , and school for
providing me with facilities required to do my project. I would also
thank my biology teacher, Mrs.Geetha Pillai, for helping me with the
techniques and procedures.
 CONTENT
 Introduction
#What Is spermatogenesis
#Location
#Duration
#Stages
 Spermatocytogenesis
 Spermiogenesis
 Role of Sertoli cells
 Functions Of Sertoli Cells
 Influencing Factors
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
SPERMATOGENESIS
 INTRODUCTION
 Spermatogenesis is the process forming spermatozoa
From spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules of the
testis.
 The initial cells in this pathway are called
spermatogonia, which yield primary spermatocytes by
mitosis.
 The primary spermatocyte divides meiotically into two
secondary spermatocytes
 each secondary spermatocyte then completes meiosis
as it divides into two spermatids.
 These spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa,
also known as sperm cells.
 The Primary Spermatocyte gives rise to two cells, the
Secondary Spermatocytes, and the two secondary
spermatocytes by their subdivision produce four
Spermatozoa.

#Location
 Spermatogenesis takes place within several structures
of the male reproductive system.
 The initial stages occur within the Testes and progress
to the Epididymis where the developing gametes
mature and are stored until ejaculation.
 The Seminiferous Tubules of the testes are the starting
point for the process, where Stem Cells adjacent to the
inner tubule wall divide in a centripetal direction
 beginning at the walls and proceeding into the
innermost part, or Lumen to produce immature sperm.
Maturation occurs in the Epididymis
#Duration
 For humans, entire process of Spermatogenesis takes
74 days.
 Including the transport on ductal system, it takes
3 months.
 Testes produce 200 to 300 million Spermatozoa(sperm)
daily
#Stages
 The entire process of Spermatogenesis can be broken
up into several distinct stages, each corresponding to a
particular type of cell in human.
 In the following table, copy number and
Chromosome/Chromatid counts are for one cell,
generally prior to DNA synthesis and division (in G1 if
applicable).
 The Primary Spermatocyte is arrested after DNA
synthesis and prior to division.
#Spermatocytogenesis
 Involves Stem Cells(Spermatogonia) dividing to replace
themselves and to produce a population of cells
destined to become mature sperm.
 The stem cells involved are called Spermatogonia.
 A diploid Spermatogonium which resides in the basal
compartment of Seminiferous Tubules, divides
mitotically to produce two diploid intermediate cells
called Primary Spermatocytes.
#Spermiogenesis
 The maturation of Spermatids into mature
Spermatozoa.
 During Spermiogenesis, the Spermatids begin to grow a
tail, and develop a thickened mid-piece, where the
microtubules gather and form an axoneme.
 Maturation then takes place under the influence of
Testosterone.
#Role of Sertoli cells
 he Spermatogenic cells are in close contact with Sertoli
Cells which are thought to provide structural and
metabolic support to the developing sperm cells.
 A single Sertoli cell extends from the basement
membrane to the lumen of the Seminiferous Tubule

#Functions Of Sertoli Cells

 Maintain the environment necessary for development
and maturation
 Secrete substances initiating Meiosis
 Secrete Androgen Binding Protein(ABP), which
concentrates Testosterone in close proximity to the
developing gametes
 Protect Spermatids from the immune system of the
male
 Testosterone is needed in very high quantities for
maintenance of the reproductive tract, and ABP allows a
#Influencing Factors
 The process of Spermatogenesis is highly sensitive to
fluctuations in the environment, particularly harmones
and temperature.
 Testosterone is required in large local concentrations to
maintain the process, which is achieved via the binding
of Testosterone by Androgen Binding Protein present in
the Seminiferous Tubules.
 Testosterone is produced by interstitial cells, also
known as Leydig Cells, which reside adjacent to the
Seminiferous Tubules.
 Seminiferous epithelium is sensitive to elevated
temperature and the testes are located outside the body
in a sack of skin called the Scrotum.
 The temperature is maintained at 2°–8°C (mouse) below
body temperature. This is achieved by regulation of
blood flow and positioning the body by the Cremastaric
Muscle and Dartos Smooth Muscle in the Scrotum.
 #Conclusion
 Spermatogenesis is a long and orderly process through
which Spermatozoa are produced within Seminiferous
Tubules and is divided into Spermatocytogenesis
(mitosis), meiosis, and Spermiogenesis.
 Spermatocytogenesis involves mitotic cell division to
increase the yield of spermatogenesis and to produce
Stem Cells and Primary Spermatocytes.
 Spermiogenesis involves an unsurpassed example of cell
differentiation in the production of a self-propelled,
penetrative enzyme-containing, and male genome
delivery system, Spermatozoa.
 Germ cell degeneration occurs throughout
spermatogenesis, but is greater during
spermatocytogenesis and meiosis and can vary with
pubertal development, age, and species.
 Sertoli Cell number is important in determining daily
production of spermatozoa
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ncert Textbook
Wikipedia
Google.com
Researchgate.com
Byjus.com