Ayushman Sharma

8F

Computer Activity
 Types of network
1. LAN [ local area network ] : A local area network is a network that
connects the computers and devices in a limited geographical area, such as
home, school computer laboratory, etc . Each computer or device on a
network is called a node . LAN can either work with cables and hubs or
wirelessly . A wireless local area network is called a WLAN.
2. MAN [ metropolitan area network] :A Metropolitan area network
MAN is a type of network that connects LANs in a metropolitan area such
as city or town. MAN network is usually used by telephone providers,
cable television providers, etc .
3. WAN [wide area network] : Wide area network is an network that spans
over a large geographical area such as an entire city, region or even an entire
country. The internet is the world's largest WAN .
4. PAN [personal area network] : A personal area network is a network that
connects personal devices like laptop, smartphone, digital cameras, etc in an
individuals workspace using wired or wireless technology.A pan may connect
devices using router or by using bluetooth or Wi-Fi. You can also transfer files
and songs from one device to another using pan
 Network Topology
The term topology refers to the layout structure of connected
computers and devices on a network. A network topology has two
levels : physical and logical.
Logical : It refers to the path that information takes to reach its
destination on a network. The logical level of a network depends on many
factors such as applications used,etc. Computers share information by
exchanging electrical signals
Physical : The physical level refers to the parts of a network that physically
exist such as computers, cables and connecters. A cable is the most popular
transmission media to transfer information on a network.
 TYPES OF TOPOLOGY
1.BUS TOPOLOGY: In this type of topology, all computers and devices are
connected to one single cable called bus. This is also called linear network. In
this type of topology, only one computer can communicate at a time. The failure
of any one node in the bus topology does not affect the performance of the
remaining network.

2.STAR TOPOLOGY : In this type of topology, a connector called a hub is placed

at the centre to which all the other nodes are connected. All the information that
is transferred from one computer to another on the network passes through the
hub. A failure in any star network cable will not affect the entire network but
when the hub fails, then the network also fails.
3. RING TOPOLOGY : In ring topology, nodes are connected in a
circular chain in which each node is connected to the next one and the last
one is connected to the first one. In ring topology, the failure on one node
takes the whole network down. In this type of topology, no central
connector such as hub is required.
Communication channels

All networks are linked to each other through communication

channels. These are the medium on which data instructions or
informations travel. Most commonly used media are physical and
wireless.
 PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
❖ Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable
consists of one or more twisted pair wires
bundled together. Each twisted pair wire
consists of two separate insulated copper
wires they are colour coded for
identification .
❖ Coaxial cable: it consists of a single
copper wire surrounded by at least three
layers namely insulating material, wire
mesh and plastic or PVC coating.
❖ Fibre optic cable: It contains hundreds of
thin strands of glass that use light to
transmit signals. It is used by big
companies.
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
❖ Infrared: Infrared wireless
transmission medium that send signal
through infrared light waves. It use the
same technology as household remote
controls .
❖ WiFi: It stands for wireless fidelity. It is
a popular wireless networking technology
that uses radio waves to provide wireless
high speed network connection.
❖ Broadcast Radio: It is a wireless
transmission medium that distribute radio
signals through the air over long
distances
❖ Cellular radio: It is a wireless transmission medium
that is used for mobile communication. It is a form of
broadcast radio. There are several categories of
cellular radio such as 1G, 2G, 3G ,etc
❖ Microwaves: Microwaves provide a high speed
wireless signal transmission. It involvessending signals
from one microwave to another. A microwave station
is an earth based dish that contains the antenna and
other necessary equipments.
❖ Communication satellite: It is a space station that
receives microwave signals from an Earth based
station, strengthens the signal and broadcasts the signal
back over a wide area to any number of microwaves.
PROTOCOLS

A protocol is a set of rules that outline characteristics of how to devices communicate

over the network. There are different protocols for different operations.􀀄􀀃
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􀆚􀅚􀄞􀀃 􀀯􀅶􀆚􀄞􀆌􀅶􀄞􀆚􀍘
 TYPES OF PROTOCOLS
❖ HTTP [ Hyper text transfer protocol ] : this is a set of rules that defines how pages transfer
on the internet and what actions web service and browser should take in response to various
commands.
❖ FTP [ File transfer protocol ]:. This is a set of rules that allows file uploading and
downloading some other computers on internet .
❖ TCP/IP [ transmission control protocol/ internet protocol]:This is a network protocol that
defines how the information or messages are rooted from one end of the network to the
other, ensuring that data arrives correctly.
❖ POP3 [ Post office protocol version 3 ]: This is an email protocol that stores email messages
on a mail servan allow the user to view, access and manipulate the message after
downloading it on computer. After downloading the messages get deleted from the email
server. If we try to access the emails from different device it will not be available to us.
❖ IMAP [ Internet message access protocol] : This is also an email protocol
that stores email messages on a mail server and allows the user to view and
manipulate the messages without downloading or storing them on the
computer. If you try to access your emails from different device, it will be
available to you.
❖ SMTP [Simple mail transfer protocol]: This is an email protocol for sending
email messages across the internet. It was developed in the 1980 and used by
the software companies for sending mails.
THANK YOU