1.

A sonnet is a type of poem that is comprised of fourteen lines of

verse that follow a specific rhyme scheme, depending on the type of
sonnet. The word “sonnet” comes from the Italian word sonetto. And what
does it mean? Literally, “little song.” Since sonnets follow a strict rhyme
scheme, they can definitely sound melodic when read aloud.

The different origins of the sonnet in Italy and England resulted in the creation
of different rhyme schemes, topics, and themes of sonnets. 

However, any sonnet, no matter the type, is going to have the following:
14 lines
A particular rhyme scheme
Iambic pentameter
 1: My Mistress’ Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun,
by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet)

My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;

Coral is far more red than her lips' red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the
ground.
  And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
  As any she belied with false compare.
 2: "Shall I Compare Thee To A Summers’ Day?" 
by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet)

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
3: "That Time Of Year Thou Mayest In Me Behold" 
by William Shakespeare (Shakespearean Sonnet)

That time of year thou mayst in me behold

When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
In me thou see'st the twilight of such day
As after sunset fadeth in the west,
Which by and by black night doth take away,
Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.
In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
As the death-bed whereon it must expire,
Consum'd with that which it was nourish'd by.
This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong,
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.
2. Haiku - Traditional and structured, this short form of 
Japanese poetry is well-known for its rule of 5/7/5: five
syllables in the first line, seven in the second, and five again
in the third.

Haikus are known for their ability to paint a vivid picture in

just a few words. A practice of artistic discipline, their
minimal nature forces writers to pare down to only the
essentials—making each word, or even syllable, count.
 
“The Old Pond” by Matsuo Bashō
An old silent pond
A frog jumps into the pond—
Splash! Silence again.
 
3. A limerick is a five-line poem that
consists of a single stanza, an AABBA
rhyme scheme, and whose subject is a
short, pithy tale or description. Most
limericks are comedic, some are
downright crude, and nearly all are trivial
in nature.
How Is a Limerick Used in Poetry?
Limericks follow a very strict composition structure.
All traditional limericks:
1. Consist of a single stanza
2. Consist of exactly five lines
3. Employ one rhyme on the first, second, and fifth
lines
4. Employ a second rhyme on the third and fourth
lines
Edward Lear, a famous British poet, and writer of literary nonsense, is
widely considered the father of the limerick. He didn't write the first
limerick — the first limericks came about in the early 1700s and are often
preserved in folk songs — but he popularized the form. More importantly,
he wrote some of the best. His limericks often consisted of stories about an
old man:

There was an Old Man with a beard

Who said, "It is just as I feared!
Two Owls and a Hen,
Four Larks and a Wren,
Have all built their nests in my beard!"
There was a Young Lady of Dorking,
Who bought a large bonnet for walking;
But its colour and size,
So bedazzled her eyes,
That she very soon went back to Dorking.
There was a Young Person of Crete,
Whose toilette was far from complete;
She dressed in a sack,
Spickle-speckled with black,
That ombliferous person of Crete.