Kingdom

Plantae:
Presented By:
Syed Hamza Abbas

Mansoor Ali Abbasi

Kiran Zahra

Iqra Jabeen

Sarya Kousar
 Five Kingdom Classification

 Lynn Margulis and Karlene

Schwartz proposed five
kingdom classification on the
basis of :

•Cell structure

•Mode of nutrition

•Mode of reproduction

•Body organization
Characteristics Of Kingdom Plantae

• Eukaryotic

• Autotrophic

• Multi-cellular

• Non-motile

• Organisms that develop from

embryos
 Bryophytes(Non Vascular plants)
• First plants to colonize the land and thought to
have evolved from green algea.

• Considered as amphibians of plants.

• Formation of rhizoids for absorption of water
and anchorage.
• “It is phenomenon in life cycle of many plants in which
haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte regularly
alternate with each other”
• Show Heteromorphic alternation of
generation.
• Development of photosynthetic tissues for absorption of
CO2 without loosing much water and exposure to light.
 Significance Of Alternation of Generation

• Alternation of generation provide

genetic variability

• Better adaptation of Organisms to their

environment

• Increases the chance of survival of

organisms
Subdivisions Of Bryophytes

1. Hepaticopsida

2. Bryopsida

3. Anthoceropsida
 Hepaticopsida

• Commonly known as liverworts.

• Out of 360,000 known species of plants 900 are of

liverworts. Examples: Porella, Marchantia

• Simplest of all the bryophytes.

 Found on wet and moist soil.

 Gametophyte of some species like in Marchantia

have Rhizoids .Others are falsely leafy.

 Sporophyte are dependent on gametophyte for

nourishment and protection.
 Bryopsida
• Commonly known as Mosses.

 Mostly inhabit damp places, grow equally well in dry

places.
 Gametophyte is differentiated into stem ,leaves and
rhizoids. It’s anthredia and archegonia develop on
different branches of same plant as in Funaria and on
different plants like in Polytrichum.
 Sporophyte, consist of foot, seta and capsule. It is
dependent on gametphyte.
 Spores of mosses develop into algae like structure called
protonema.
 Anthoceropsida
Commonly known as hornworts. Example: Anthoceros

Gametophyte is highly lobed and irregular in outline.

Sporophyte is dependent on gametophyte in early
phase of development.
Some advanced characteristics like it is having
stomata and chloroplast which make them independent
of gametophyte.
Meristmetic tissues keep on adding cells towards
spores producing region.
Because of these feature they continue to survive
even after the death and decay of gametophyte.
 Tracheophyta(Vascular plants)

• Second division plant kingdom

• They are vascular plant, contain phloem and

xylem.
• They are flowering plant.

• They are land habitat plant.

• Contain pollen tube for safe transmission of

male gametophyte to female gametophyte
• It shows Heteromorphic Alternation of
generation.
Subdivisions Of Tracheophytes

1. Psilopsida

2. Lycopsida

3. Sphenopsida

4. Pteropsida
 Psilopsida

They are known as whisk ferns.

They have rootless and leafless and contain Rhizome
which bears rhizoids, both perform the function of root.
The reproductive organs of sporophyte are sporangia
which develop at the tips of long or short branches.

Only two living genera Psilotum and Tmesipeteris.

The gametophyte is thalloid,colorless and underground.

Gametophyte have symbiotic relationship with fungus

 Evolution Of Leaf

• Early vascular plants did not have true

leaves like psilopsida. Lycopods were
first ones.
• At start in lycopods leaves are small in
size and have single undivided
veins,microphylls.
• There are some leaves having large size
with expanded leaf lamina and number of
veins and veinlets such leaves are
megaphylls.
 Steps For Evolution Of Leaf
 Overtopping
“Unequal development of dichotomously aerial
portion of stem is called overtopping”
 Planation:
“Process of arrangement of unequal dichotomies in
one plane called planation”
 Fusion or webbing
The space between overtopped dichotomies
branches was occupied by sheet of parenchyma
cells which connect these forming a flat leaf blade
type structure having many dichotomously
branched veins. This process is fusion or
webbing.
 Lycopsida

 They are also called club mosses or spike

mosses. Example: Selaginella

 Gametophyte is mainly underground.

 Sporophyte is differentiated;Root,Stem,True
leaves.

 Arrangement of leaves is spiral or opposite

 Two types on the basis of spore

production;Homosporous, Heterosporous
 Sphenopsida

• Also called Horsetails. Example: Equisetum

• Known as Anthrophytes because whole plant body is

composed of large number of joints.
• Thalloid gametophyte grows upon clay, soil and mud.
Stem is non-smooth.

• Sporophyte is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.

• Sporangia are born on structures called sporangiophores

aggregated to form strobili .
 PTEROPSIDA

Commonly called fern seeded plants.

It includes all following plants and ferns and

is subdivided into three divisions.
Classes Of Pteropsida

1. Fillicinae

2. Gymnospermae

3. Angiospermae
 Fillicinae

 Commonly known as ferns. Examples :

Adiantum , Dryopteris

 Shade and moisture loving.

 Grows on hills and plains and some are epiphytic

and abundant in tropics.

 Its leaves are called Fronds. When fronds are

immature and young it is coiled , this pattern of
development is called, Circinate vernation.

 It contains seedless plants with foliar sporangia.

 Gymnospermae

Literal meaning ‘’Naked seeded’’.Constitutes 1/3rd of world

forest
Heterosporous plants which produce seeds but no fruits.
Examples: Cedrus (deodar), Pinus(Pine)
The ovule in these plants are usually born on the exposed
surface of fertile leaves . It is not enclosed but lie naked on
the surface of fertile leaves.
Regular heteromorphic alternation generation
independent dominant sporophyte, dependent gametophyte.
The megasporophyll bearing ovule are not folded and joined
at the margin to form an ovary for this reason seeds lie naked
on it.
 Angiospermae

 The term angiosperms literally means “enclosed

seeded”. Examples: Fragrant water lilly ,Indian pipe
 The ovary after fertilization is changed into a fruit,
containing seeds.

 They are heterosporous, autotrophic plants.

 Angiosperms make up 235,000 of the 360,00 known

species of plants.
 Fertile leaves are folded at margin forming ovary
which after changes into fruits.
 Double Fertilization

 Unique characteristic of Angiosperm

 In this process:
 Two male gametes fuses two cells
simultaneously.
 One male gamete fuse with egg forming
diploid zygote.
 Other male gamete fuse with fusion nucleus
and form triploid endosperm cell
 Zygote develop into embryo and endosperm
cells in food storing tissues.
 Angiospermic Families

1. Rosaceae family (Rose Family)

2. Solanaceae Family (Potato Family)

3. Poaceae Family (Grass Family)

4. Fabaceae Family (Pea Family)

 Significance Of Plants

Commercial Significance:

• Member of Rosaceae like Rose are ornamental and grown for décor purpose
• Crataegus(hawthorn) belongs to family Rosaceae provides walking sticks and woods
while Pyrus Pastia(Indian wild pear) for making Tobacco pipes.
• Members of Solanaceae(potato family) provides drugs and food.
• Red and White seeds of Rosary pea belongs to Fabaceae used by jewallars as weight
“Ratti”.
• Species of Poaceae family have greater importance than any other family because its
source of food for both man and animals.
 Significance Of Plants

Significance In Medical Field:

• Rose water extracted form Rose petals used for curing eye diseases.
• Licoria belongs to family Fabaceae for cough and cold.
• Butterfly pea used against snake bite.
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