Accident Analysis 11-08-2016 Part I II I

Date: 11.08.
2016
A Presentation on
Accident Reporting,
Investigation & Analysis
Presentation by :
S N Dhamone
1
Assistant Director, NSC
Part I
Accidents Reporting under the FA,1948
Part II
Accident investigation
Part III
Accident Statistics of Factories
Part IV
Accident Analysis
(as per IS-3786: 1983)
Part-V
Exercise on Accident Analysis
2
Part I
Reportable Accidents
under FA ,1948
3
Important Terminologies Used In Accident Reporting
 Accident - An unintended occurrence arising out of and in the
course of employment of a person resulting in injury
( as per IS-3786:1983)
 Accident - An Unplanned/undesired event giving rise to death, ill

health, injury, damage or other losses to personnel or property.
(as per IS 18001:2007)
 Reportable Accident - Where in any factory an accident occurs which

causes death or which causes any bodily injury by reason of which the
person injured is prevented from working for a period of forty eight
hours or more immediately following the accident or which is of such
nature as may be prescribed in this behalf the manager of the factory
shall send notice thereof to such authorities and in such form and
within such time as may be prescribed. (FA,1948)
4
Terminologies Used In Accident Reporting (contd.)
 Incident – Event that give rise to an accident or has
the potential to lead to an accident.
(as per IS 18001:2007)
 Near Miss– An incident where no ill health, injury,
damage or other loss occurs is referred as near
miss. (as per IS 18001:2007)
 Safety – state in which the risk of harm to person or damage to
property is limited to a tolerable level. (as per IS 18001:2007)
5
Important Terminologies Used In Accident Reporting
(contd.)
 Injury - It is physical characteristics of the injured

person or the location of the injured person’s body
part (s)
 Disabling Injury - An Injury causing disablement of the

injured person, extending beyond the day of shift on
which the accident occurred.
6
Terminologies Used In Accident Reporting (contd.)
Unsafe Acts - It is a set of actions deviated from

commonly accepted safe procedures of work.
Unsafe Conditions - They are mechanical or physical
conditions of work , related to the agency which
leads to the occurrence of accident.
Hazards - They are potential conditions to create
dangers.
Dangerous occurrence:- accident may result in body
injury or not or property damage
7
Accident Reporting
 An Important Element of Accident

Prevention Plan
 A Statutory Requirement for Certain Type of
Accident
Reporting of Accident
Internal Reporting
2 Types
External Reporting
8
1. Internal Reporting of Accident
Supervisor / Departmental Head to Inform Internally

to all Concerned Departments
• Safety
• Medical
• HR / Administration
For taking Appropriate Actions

9
Accident Report Form in 3 Parts
[A] Introductory Part

[B] Body Part
[C] Conclusion Part
[A] Introductory Parts (Nothing to bear

with cause of Accident) Essentially
contains:
i) Name, Age, Sex & Identification No.
ii) Time, Shift & Date of Occurrence of
Accident
10
[B]Body Part contains:
i) Part's of Body Injured

ii) Nature of Injury
iii) Machine/Equipment with which
accident occurred
iv) What went wrong (To Cause Injury
Accident)?
v) What the IP was doing immediately
before the Accident?
11
vi) What Safety Measures was taken to
prevent the Accident?
vii) What Precautions/ Safety Measures
could have been taken to prevent
Accident?
viii) What PPE the IP was using before
the Accident?
ix) What Unsafe Act he was doing
which resulted into Accident?
12
x) Medical Treatment/ Advice Rendered
(Doctor’s Advice)
- Fit for work
- Unfit for work & allowed to take
rest for ----- days
- Sent/recommended to other
specialist
13
[C] Conclusion Part:
i) Cause of Injury
ii) Preventive action suggested
iii) Corrective action suggested
14
Sample Copies:
i)
Accident/Incident/Investigation Report
15
2. External Reporting of Accident
Factory Manager is to intimate/inform to –Statutory

Authorities under the following Acts/Rules
(i) The Factories Act, 1948 and The State Factories Rules
(ii) The Environment(Protection) Act, 1986
(iii) The Water((Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1974
(iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
(v) The Hazardous Wastes( Management, Handling &

Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008
(vi) The Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989
(vii) The Petroleum Act, 1984 & The Rules, 2002
16
Statutory Authorities ( contd.)
(viii) The Explosives Act, 1884

(ix) The Gas Cylinder Rules, 2004
(x) The SMPV(U) Rules, 1981
(xi) The Indian Boilers Act, 1923
(xii) The Electricity Act , 2003
(xiii) The BOCW (RECS) Act,1996
and The Central Rules, 1998
(xiv) Manufacture, Storage and Import of
Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989
17
2. External Reporting of Accident
Factory Manager to inform to –

Statutory Authorities
- Inspector of Factories (Section 88
of the Factories Act, 1948)
18
Section 88 : The Factories Act, 1948
 Where in any factory an accident occurs which
causes death or which causes any bodily injury by
reason of which the person injured is prevented
from working for a period of forty eight hours or
more immediately following the accident or which is
of such nature as may be prescribed in this behalf
the manager of the factory shall send notice thereof
to such authorities and in such form and within such
time as may be prescribed.
19
Section 88A : The Factories Act, 1948
 Where in a factory any dangerous occurrence

of such nature as may be prescribed occurs,
whether causing any bodily injury or disability
or not, the manager of the factory shall sent
notice thereof to such authorities, and in such
form and within such time as may be
prescribed.]
20
Reporting certain diseases under
Section 89 : The Factories Act, 1948
 Where any worker in a factory contacts any disease

specified in 3[the third schedule], the manager of the
factory shall send a notice thereof to such authorities,
and in such form and within such time, as may be
prescribed.
21
MAHARASHTRA FACTORIES RULES,
1963, RULE 115
Death : To be reported within 4 hours
: Detailed report within 12 hours
Injury : Bodily injury or dangerous

occurrence within 24 hours
Reporting to
(i) Inspector of Factory
(ii) Nearest Police Station
(iii) District Magistrate/ Sub- Divisional Magistrate
(iv) Nearest Relative of Injured/Deceased Person
22
MAHARASHTRA FACTORIES RULES, 1963,
MFR,115 SCHEDULE
2. The following classes of dangerous occurrences, whether or not they
are attended by personal injury or disablement:(With in 4hrs)
(a) Bursting of a vessel used for containing steam under pressure greater than atmospheric
pressure, other than plant which comes within the scope of the Indian Boilers Act.
(b) Collapse or failure of a crane, derrick, winch, lift, hoist or other appliances used in raising
or lowering persons or goods, or any part thereof, or the overturning of a crane.
(c) Explosion, fire, bursting out, leakage or escape of any molten metal, hot liquor,or gas
causing bodily injury to any person or damage to any part or portion ofthe factory in which
persons are employed or damage to any plant, machinery or material.
(d) Explosion of a receiver or container used in any process, or for storage at a pressure
greater than atmosphere pressure, of any gas or any gases (including air) or any liquid or
any solid.
(e) Collapse or subsidence of any floor, gallery, roof, bridge, tunnel, chimney, wall or building
forming part of a factory or within the compound or cartilage of Factory.
23
116. Notice of poisoning or disease
 Form 25 shall be sent forthwith (but not later than four

hours), to the Chief Inspector, Medical Inspector of Factories
and the Administrative Medical Officer, Employees' State
Insurance Scheme,
 when there occurs a case of lead, phosphorus,mercury,
manganese, arsenic, carbon, bisulphide or benzene
poisoning or poisoning by nitrous fumes, or by halogen
derivatives of the hydrocarbons of the alphatic series, or of
chrome ulceration,anthrax, silicosis, toxic anaemia, toxic
jaundice, primary opheliomatous cancer of the skin or
pathological manifestations due to radium or other radio-
active substances or X-rays.
24
MFR 123 - REGISTER OF ACCIDENTS AND
DANGEROUS OCCURRENCES
 The manager of every factory shall maintain a register

of all accidents and dangerous occurrences which
occur in the factory in Form 30
25
Accident Reporting
FORMATS :
FORM 24 : Report of accident by the manager
FORM 24-A : Notice of dangerous occurrence
FORM 25 : Notice of poisoning or disease
FORM 30 : Register of accidents and dangerous occ
urrence
26
Sample Copies:
i) Form 24
27
Reporting of Accidents
 If accident is not reported it will

violation of act , and company
may prosecuted in court, hence
we must know all legal
requirements and abide by them
28
Part II
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
29
ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Purpose
 To Reveal Facts and Figures
responsible for Causation of

Accident
 To Select Remedial Measures
to Prevent Recurrence
30
Who is/are to Investigate?
 Safety Officer/Safety
Supervisor/ Safety Inspector
 Accident Investigation
Committee
 Safety Committee
 Factory Inspector
 Other Inspectors
31
Techniques Adopted to Conduct
Accident Investigation
 Collect Preliminary Data Pertaining
to Occurrence of Accident (source :
Accident Report Form)
 Visit Spot of Accident (Quickest
Possible)
 Interrogate People
 Injured Person (if available)
 Others (witnesses, departmental head/
supervisors/ volunteers)
32
 Record Observations & Statements
 Correlate Statements/ Records/

Reports with Actual Situation to
reveal Root Cause(s) of Accident
33
 Select Remedies
 On Short Term Basis (with readily available
resources)
 On Long Term Basis (with better planning,
more effort, time & finance)
 Prepare Report (without delay)

 Concise
 Stimulating to Reader
 Easily Understandable
34
Part-III
(As per Indian Labour Statistics- 2012 & 2013)
35
(as per Indian Labour Statistics- 2012 & 2013)
Presentation Element
[1] Introduction [8]IR for Non-Fatal Injuries
[2] NIC code [9]FR for Non-Fatal Injuries
[3] Growth of Factories [10]No. of Total Injuries
(Year, Industry & State wise)
[4] No. of Fatal Injuries [11] IR for Total Injuries
[5]IR for Fatal Injuries [12]FR for Total Injuries
[6]FR for Fatal Injuries [13]F & NF Injuries across Industries
[7]No. of Non-Fatal Injuries [14] Cause of Injuries
36
[1] Introduction
Indian Labour Statistics
37
[1] Introduction(Contd.)
1.1) Organization chart – Ministry of Labour
38
[1]Introduction(Contd.)
1.2) About Indian Labour Statistics
The present issue of the Indian Labour Statistics 2012 and 2013
(combined) presents serial statistics regarding Labour in India. The
data for the publication have been provided by a number of agencies
like RGI, DGET, DGLW, DGFASLI, ESIC, EPFO, CBWE etc.
The entire data have been presented in twelve parts dealing with different aspects of labour
Part Content Part Content
I Population Census Economic Data VII Industrial Injuries
II Employment VIII Absenteeism And Labour Turnover
III Employment Service And Training IX Social Security
IV Wages And Earnings X Industrial Disputes
V Price Index Numbers XI Miscellaneous
VI Trade Unions XII International Comparison
39
[2] National Industrial Classification
40
[2] NIC Code:2008 (Contd.)
NIC Industry
Code
10 Manufacture of food products
11 Manufacture of beverages
12 Manufacture of tobacco products
13 Manufacture of textiles
14 Manufacture of wearing apparel
15 Manufacture of Leather and related products
Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and
16 cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw
and plaiting materials
17 Manufacture of paper and paper products
18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media
19 Manufacture of coke, refined petroleum products
41
NIC Industry
Code
20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical
21
and botanical products
22 Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
24 Manufacture of basic metals
Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except
25
machinery and equipment
Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical
26
products
27 Manufacture of electrical equipment
42
NIC Industry
Code
28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c
Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-
29
trailers
30 Manufacture of other transport equipment
31 Manufacture of furniture
32 Other manufacturing
35 Electricity, gas steam and air conditioning supply
36 Water collection, treatment and supply
Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities;
38
materials recovery
43
[3] Growth of Factories- a) Year wise
240824
250000
228259
196097
200000
175341
158991 163299
144800 141085 143389
150000 137808
111895
100000
50000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No. of working Factories under public sector

No. of working Factories under private sector
Total No. of working Factories
44
[3] Growth of Factories- b) Manufacturing Industries wise
45000
41033
40000
35000
30000
25000
21502 21822
20232
19472
20000
16478
15000 13078
11682
8821
10000
5599 5336
47315153
3715 4036
5000 2820 2988
1734 2117 2008216926671907
733 487 170
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 35 36 38
Year-2010 Year-2011
45
[3] Growth of Factories- c) State wise
35951
35050
32744
30476
30050
26089
25050
20796
20050
17403
16023 Year-2010
Year-2011
15050
12223
10587
10050 8101
7421
4183 4075
5050 3331 3610
2528 1970
975 1486
674 133 519 458
50
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46
[4] Industrial Fatal Injuries
No. of Fatal Injuries

1200
1068 1064 1083
1000
821
800
668
613
562
600 540 525
478
400
200
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
47
[5] Incident Rate for Fatal Injuries
IR-F
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.1 0.1 0.1

0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08
0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
48
[6] Frequency Rate for Fatal Injuries
FR-F
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.1
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.08
0.08
0.07 0.07
0.06
0.06
0.05 0.05
0.04
0.02
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
49
[7] Industrial Non- Fatal Injuries
No. of Non-Fatal Injuries
19913
20000 18844
18000
15907
16000
14458 14163 14469
14000
12000
10111
10000
9358
8000
5983
5494
6000
4000
2000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
50
[8] Incident Rate for Non- Fatal Injuries
IR-NF
5.98
6
3.23
2.28
2.13
1.97000000000001
1.81
2
0.92 0.93
0.740000000000004 0.81
1
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
51
[9] Frequency Rate for Non- Fatal Injuries
FR-NF
5 4.75
4.5
3.5
2.42
2.5
2
1.64
1.28 1.34
1.5 1.21
1 0.81 0.770000000000004
0.58 0.650000000000005
0.5
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
52
[10] Total Injuries
Total Injuries
25000
20453
19912
20000
16432
15020 15290
14776
15000
11175
10441
10000
6651
5972
5000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
53
[11] Incident Rate for Total Injuries
IR-T
7
6.14
4
3.33
3
2.41
2.21
2.06
1.91
2
1.03 1.03
0.8 0.9
1
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
54
[12] Frequency Rate for Total Injuries
FR-T
4.88
5
4.5
3.5
3
2.5
2.5
2 1.73
1.42
1.5 1.33 1.27
0.88 0.850000000000001
1 0.720000000000001
0.640000000000004
0.5
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
55
[13]Injuries across the Industries a) Fatal
350
311
300
250
204
197
200
150 140
125
100 88 86
80 80 78
67
5756 59
47
41
50 31 32
28 2420 2022
1718 18 1814
38 31 7 5 105 27 7 56 61
21 02 1 13 33
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 35 36 38
F-2010 F-2011
56
[13] Injuries across the Industries b) Non Fatal
3000
2619
2500
2000
1500
1303
1000
789
713
462 450
500 376 375 407
268
143 153 140 136
29 15 22 18 30 56 41 55 11 26 12
6
0
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 35 36 38
NF-2010 NF-2011
57
[14] Industrial Injuries in Factories by Causes a) Fatal
260
221
210
160
129 131
116
110
85
72
66
60 41 41 42
38 35
27
14 11
10
F-10 F-11
58
[14] Industrial Injuries in Factories by Causes a) Fatal
1.31
Prime movers
10.85
12.07 Machinery moved by Mechanical Power
3.93 Machinery not moved by Mechanical Power

3.55
3.27 Transport moved (by Power or without
3.84
Power)
Electricity
7.95 Explosions
20.67 Fires
3.84 Gassing
Hot or Corrosive Substances

12.25 Use ofHand Tools
6.74
2.53 Struck by Falling Bodies
6.17
1.03 Persons Falling
Stepping on or Striking against Objects
Handling Goods
Cause of fatal injury in 2011
Others
59
[14] Industrial Injuries in Factories by Causes b) Non-Fatal
3000
2638
2500
1936
2000
1445
1500
964
851 894
1000 771
500 351
199 189
128 127 77
24 45
0
NF-10 NF-11
60
[14] Industrial Injuries in Factories by Causes b) Non-
Fatal
0.23 Prime movers
Machinery moved by Mechanical
13.58 Power
1.87 Machinery not moved by Mechan-

24.80
1.20 ical Power
1.19
0.42 Transport moved (by Power or
1.78 without Power)
0.72
3.30 Electricity
Explosions
7.25 8.00 Fires

Gassing
Hot or Corrosive Substances
9.06 8.40
Use ofHand Tools
Struck by Falling Bodies
18.20
Persons Falling
Stepping on or Striking against Ob-
jects
Cause of Non-fatal injury in 2011 Handling Goods
Others
61
Part IV
Accident Analysis
(as per IS-3786: 1983)
62
Accident Analysis
(as per IS-3786: 1983)
Presentation Element
[1]Introduction
[2]Objective
[3]Scope
[4]Terminology
[5]Calculation of Man-Hours Worked
[6]Classification of Accidents
[7]Assessment of Work Injury
[8]Computation of FR, SR & IR and Statistical period
[9]Appendix A
[10]Appendix B
[11] Importance of Analysis
63
1. IS: 3786-1983 (First Revision)
64
[1]Introduction (Contd.)
65
[1]Introduction (Contd.)
66
1)Introduction (Contd.)
National Safety Council

was member of ISAC
67
[1] Introduction (Contd.)
 The Indian standard IS-3786 is titled:

“Method for Computation of Frequency and Severity Rates for
Industrial Injuries and Classification of Industrial Accidents”
 Originally issued in 1966; First revision in 1983
 The Indian standard has two Appendices:

1) Appendix A deals with the Scheduled Charges for Disabilities
 Part A: Total Disablement
 Part B: Partial Disablement
2) Appendix B serves as a guide for Classification of Accidents
68
 Among other things, professional safety
studies include:
 Industrial hygiene and toxicology
 Design of engineering hazard controls
 Fire prevention and fire protection
 Ergonomics
 Systems and process safety P-D-C-A
 Safety and health programme management

 Accident investigation and analysis
 Product safety
 Construction safety
 HIRA and risk control
 Compliance of HSE legislation and standards
 Safety performance evaluation
69
 Safety Performance evaluation indicators are:

 Frequency Rate (FR)
 Severity Rate (SR)

 Incidence Rate (IR)
70
Lagging indicators Leading indicators
which are linked to the outcome which are the measurements
of an accident. They tell you how linked to preventive actions.
many people got hurt (FR) and
how badly (SR).
Reportable injury, Man-days lost, Safety training, Audit, inspection,

FR, SR, IR drill, SAS, SPS, SCS, SCM, HIRA
To evaluate the overall To help improve future

effectiveness of safety at your performance by promoting
facility. action to correct potential
weaknesses.
71
[2] Objective
To help in evaluating the relative need for taking accident
prevention measures in different departments of an establishment
To help in making an appraisal of the progress of an accident
prevention campaign and making people safety-conscious
To provide encouragement when methods used for the
prevention of accidents are successful
To enable comparison
[3] Scope
This standard prescribe basic methods for recording and
classifying industrial accidents. It also includes details of work
injury and gives the methods for computation of FR, SR & IR of
work injuries in industrial premises
72
[4] Terminology
I. Accident- An unintended occurrence arising out of in the
course of employment of person resulting in injury.
II. Death- Fatality resulting from an accident.
III. Disabling Injury (Lost Time Injury)- An injury causing

disablement extending beyond the day of shift in which the
accident occurred.
IV. Non-disabling Injury- An injury which requires medical
treatment only, without causing any disablement whether of
temporary or permanent nature.
V. Reportable Disabling Injury (Reportable Lost Time Injury)-

An injury causing death or disablement to an extent as
prescribed by the relevant statute.
73
[4] Terminology (Contd.)
VI. Man-Hours Worked – The total number of employee-hours

worked by all employees working in the industrial premises.
VII. Scheduled Charge- Charges in days of earning capacity lost
due to permanent disability or death
VIII.Days of Disablement (Lost Time)- The number of days on

which the injured person was disabled.
74
IX. Partial Disablement- This is of two types;
-Disablement of a temporary nature which reduces earning

capacity of an employed persons in any employment in which
he was engaged at the time of the accident resulting in the
disablement; and
-Disablement of permanent nature, which reduces his

earning capacity in every employment which he was capable
of undertaking at the time.
75
IX) Partial Disablement-

This is of two types;
1.TPD: A fractured finger

(will recover fully)
2.PPD: Amputated fingers

of right hand
76
X) Total disablement-
Disablement, whether of a temporary or permanent
nature, which incapacities a workman for all work
which he was capable of performing at the time of
the accident resulting in such disablement, provided
that permanent total disablement shall be deemed to
result from every type of injury specified in Part A of
Appendix A or from any combination of injuries
specified in part B of Appendix A where the
aggregate percentage of the loss of earning
capacity, as specified in that part against those
injuries, amount to one hundred percent.
77
X)Total disablement-
This is of two types;
1.TTD: a knee fracture (will recover fully)
2.PTD:Loss of both feet / legs

(never recover)
78
X) Total disablement
- PTD Example
 Loss of both hands
 Loss of one hand
and one leg
Loss of earning capacity

(Scheduled charges) = 100% = 6,000 maydays lost
79
X) Total disablement
- PTD Example
 severe burn injury,

resulting in a severe
facial disfigurement
Loss of earning capacity

(Scheduled charges) = 100% = 6,000 maydays lost
80
[5] Calculation of Man-Hours Worked
Man-Hours Worked Shall be calculated from the pay roll or

time clock recorded including overtime. When this is not
feasible, the same shall be estimated by multiplying the total
man-days worked for the period covered by the number of
hours worked per day. The total number of man-days for a
period is the sum of the number of men at work on each day of
the period. If the daily hours vary from department to
department separate estimates shall be made for each
department and the results added together. When actual man-
hours are not used, the basis on which the estimates are
made shall be indicated
MHW= a x b x c
MHW= Man-Hours Worked
a=Total. no. of employees
b= number of days worked in year
c= number of hours worked per day
81
[6] Classification of accidents
1. Agency
2. Unsafe mechanical or Physical
condition
3. Unsafe act
4. Unsafe personal factor
5. Type of accident
6. Nature of Injury
7. Location of Injury
82
[7] Assessment of work Injury
A) Basic of Assessment:
To determine whether injury are work related or not
based on evidence collected during examination.
 Fact relating to working activities and environment
 Statements from injured person, colleagues, supervisors
 Medical reports
 Fact Concerning :
-Previous history of work injuries
-Off-the-job activities, injuries or illnesses
83
[7] Assessment of work Injury
B) Assessment of special cases
1) Inguinal Hernia
2) Back Injury
3) Aggravation of Pre-existing condition
4)Aggravation of minor injury
5) Cardiovascular diseases
6) Miscellaneous
7) Other disabilities
Inguinal
Hernia
84
[7] Assessment of work Injury (Contd.)
1) Inguinal Hernia:
 It is a work injury, only if it is precipitated by an
impact, sudden effort, or severe strain and meets the
following conditions
 A clear evidence of an accident or incident such
as trip/slip/fall, sudden effort, over-exertion;
Inguinal Hernia  There was actual pain in the hernial region at the
time of incident/accident; and
 The pain was so acute that the victim was forced
to stop work long enough to draw the attention of
his foreman or fellow-employee, or the attention
of a physician was secured within 12 hrs.
85
2) Back Injury
A back injury or strain is a work injury, if:
 There is a clear evidence of an accident or
incident like trip/slip/fall, sudden effort,
over-exertion, or a blow on the back; and
 A physician, authorised to treat the case, is
satisfied that the back injury could have
arisen out of the accident or incident.
86
3) Aggravation of Pre-existing condition
 If aggravation of pre-existing physical deficiency arises
out of or in the course of employment the resulting
disability shall be considered a work injury and
shall be classified according to the ultimate
extent of the injury except that if the injury is
an inguinal hernia or a back injury the
requirement of B-2 & B-3 shall apply.
87
4) Aggravation of a Minor Injury
 Aggravation of a minor injury should be considered a work
injury and classified according to its ultimate extent.
 The aggravation may be because of:
 diagnosis or treatment (either
professional or non-professional), or
 any infection, or
 development of other symptoms later,
either on the job or off the job.
88
5) Cardiovascular (C-V) Diseases
 C-V diseases should not be recorded as work
injuries, unless:
 The symptoms were so severe during
working hours that the attention of a
supervisor was drawn to them, and
 A physician, authorised to treat the case, is
satisfied that the disease or the aggravation
of disease was caused by work.
89
5) Cardiovascular (C-V) Diseases
C-V diseases include:
1. Rheumatic heart disease
2. Hypertensive disease
3. Ischaemic disease
4. Heart disease secondary to pulmonary disease
5. Cerebro-vascular disease
6. Diseases of arteries, arteoroles and capillaries
7. Disease of veins and lymph vessels.
90
6) Miscellaneous Injuries
 This category includes the following and should be
considered as work injury, if it arises out of and in
the course of employment.
Some examples are:
1. Purposely-inflicted injuries, either by
self or other person
2. Skylarking (horseplay)
3. Practical jokes, etc.
91
7) Other Disabilities
 Following injuries should be considered as work injury,
if they arise out of and in the course of employment:
 Animal or insect bite

 Skin irritation or infection
 Muscular disability
 Burns
due to exposure to extreme
temperatures (hot or cold), and
 Loss of hearing, sight, taste, feel, or sense of smell
92
[8] Computation of FR, SR, IR & MDL and Statistical period
I. Frequency rate (FR):
FR may be defined as the number of injury per

million man-hours worked.
Number of LTI x 106

FRA =
Man-hours worked
Number of reportable LTI x 106

FRB =
Man-hours worked
LTI = Lost-time injury 93

[8] Computation of FR, SR, IR & MDL and Statistical period (Contd.)
I. Frequency rate (FR):

Note: 1 If the injury does not cause loss of time in the period in
which it occurs but in a subsequent period, the injury should be
included in the frequency rate of the period in which the loss of
time begins.
Note:2 If an injury causes intermittent loss of time, it should

only be included in the frequency rate once, that is when the
first loss of time occurs.
Note:3 Since frequency rate FRB is based on the lost time

injuries reported to the statutory authorities, it may be used for
official purpose only. In all other cases, frequency rate FRA
should be used for comparison
94
II. Weighted Accident Frequency Rate
WAFR is calculated by counting each fatal injury

as ten instead of one

WAFR =
Manhours worked
Number of reportable LTI= {(No. of fatal injuries x 10) + (No. of Non-fatal LTIs)}
95
III. Frequency-Severity Index (F S I)
(Refer Techniques of Safety Management by Dan Petersen.)
 It is an index combining FR and SR.
FRxSR
 FSI=
1000
Interpretation of FSI : Lower FSI indicates better safety

performance
96
IV. Safe-T Score
• It is used for assessing the safety

performance of a factory in comparison to
the previous year’s.
• It is based on the statistical technique
known as “T-Score”
• It is based on FR (SR is not taken into
account).
97
IV. Safe-T Score

(FRNow – FRPast )
Safe-T Score =
(FRPast x 106) ½
MH WorkedNow
• Safe-T Score has no dimensions (units).
98
IV. Safe-T Score
• Interpretation of Safe-T Score:

 A value between +2.0 and –2.0 means there
is no significant change in the safety
performance
 A value lower than –2 means the safety
performance has improved significantly
 A value higher that +2 means the safety
performance has deteriorated significantly
99
V. Severity rate (FR):
SR may be defined as the man-days lost due to
LTI per million man-hours worked.
SRA = MDL due to all LTI x 106

Man-hours worked
MDL due to reportable LTI x 106

SRB =
Man-hours worked
Note: Since Severity rate SRB is based on the lost time injuries reported to the statutory
authorities, it may be used for official purpose only. In all other cases, Severity rate SR A
should be used for comparison
MDL = Mandays Lost LTI = Lost-time injury 100
VI. Calculation of Man-days Lost
Man-days lost due to TTD or TPD;
Man-dayslost according to Scheduled Charges for death and
permanent disabilities as given Appendix A
 Incase of multiple injury, the sum of the Schedule Charges should
not exceed 6,000 man-days.
IfDays lost due to injury in previous periods, then loss of time to be
included in the period under purview
Ifany injury is treated as a lost time injury in one statistical period

and subsequently turns out to be a permanent disability; the man-
days charged to the injury shall be subtracted from the schedule
charges for the injury when permanent disability becomes known. 101
VI. Calculation of Man-days Lost
 In other cases the day on which the injury occurred or the day
the injured person returned to work are not to be included as
man-days lost; but all intervening calendar days (including
Sundays or days off or days of plant shut down) are to be
included
 If after resumption of work, the person injured is again
disabled for any period arising out of the injury which caused
his earlier disablement , the period of such subsequent
disablement is also to be included in the man-days lost.
 In the case of intermittent loss of time, each period should be
included in the severity rate for the period in which the time is lost
102
VII. Statistical period
1. Rates for any period, that is month, quarter or year shall include
injures which occurred during the period, together with any
injuries which occurred in the previous 12 months and which
have not already been included in earlier calculations.
2. An injury which occurred in a previous period and which did not

cause lost time at the time of occurrence but caused lost time in
the current period, shall be included as a lost-time injury in the
current period.
3. When calculating duration rates, the time lost for the period
shall include time lost in the current period caused by injuries
which occurred in previous period
103
VIII. Incidence Rate (IR)

It is defined as the number of lost-time injuries per
thousand employees.
Number of LTI x 1000
LTIIR =
Avg. number of persons employed

RLTIIR=
Avg. number of persons employed
Number of reportable LTI= {(No. of fatal injuries x 10) + (No. of Non-fatal LTIs)}
104
[9] Appendix A: Scheduled Charges for Disabilities
105
Appendix A: Scheduled Charges for Disabilities
Sl. Description of Injury % loss of Equivalent
No. (2) earning Man-Days
(1) Capacity Lost
(3) (4)
Part A Total Disablement
1 Death 100 6000

2 Loss of both hands or amputation at higher sites 100 6000
3 Loss of a hand and a foot 100 6000
4 Double amputation through leg or thigh, or 100 6000
amputation through leg thigh on one side and loss
of other foot
5 Loss of sight to such an extent as to render the 100 6000
claimant unable to perform any work for which
eyesight essential
6 Very severe facial disfigurement 100 6000
7 Absolute deafness 100 6000 106
Appendix A: Scheduled Charges for Disabilities (Contd.)
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Part B Partial Disablement
a) Amputation Cases- Upper Limbs (Either Arm)
8 Amputation through Shoulder Joint 90 5400
9 Amputation below Shoulder with stump less than 205 mm 80 4800
from tip acromion
10 Amputation from 205 mm from tip acromion to less than 70 4200
115 mm below tip of olecranon
11 Loss of a hand or thumb and four fingers of one hand or 60 3600
amputation from 115 mm below tip of olecranon
12 Loss of thumb 30 1800
13 Loss of thumb and its metacarpal bone 40 2400
14 Loss of four fingers of one hand 50 3000
15 Loss of three fingers of one hand 30 1800
16 Loss of two fingers of one hand 20 1200
17 Loss of terminal phalanx of thumb 20 1200 107
(1) (2) (3) (4)
b) Amputation Cases- Lower Limbs
18 Amputation of both feet resulting in end-bearing stumps 90 5400
19 Amputation through both feet proximal to the metatarsophalangeal 80 4800
joint
20 Loss of all toes of both feet through the metatarsophalangeal joint 40 2400
21 Loss of all toes of both feet proximal inter-phalangeal joint 30 1800
22 Loss of all toes of both feet distal to the proximal inter-phalangeal joint 20 1200
23 Amputation at hip 90 5400
24 Amputation below hip with stump not exceeding 125 mm in length 80 4800
measured from tip of great trochanter
25 Amputation below hip with stump exceeding 125 mm in length 70 4200
measured from tip of great trochanter but not beyond middle thigh
26 Amputation below middle thigh to 90 mm below knee 60 3600
27 Amputation below knee with stump exceeding 90 mm but not 50 3000
exceeding 125 mm
108
(1) (2) (3) (4)
b) Amputation Cases- Lower Limbs
28 Amputation below knee with stump exceeding 125 mm 40 2400
29 Amputation of one foot resulting in end-bearing 30 1800
30 Amputation through one foot proximal to the 30 1800
metatarsophalangeal joint
31 Loss of all toes of one foot through the metatarsophalangeal joint 20 1200
c) Other Injuries
32 Loss of one eye, without complications the other being normal 40 2400
33 Loss of vision of one eye, without compliactions or disfigurement 30 1800
of eye-ball, the other being normal
d) Loss of fingers of Right or Left hand i) Index fingers
34 Whole 14 840
35 Two Phalanges 11 660
36 One Phalanx 9 540
37 Guillotine amputation of tip without loss of bone 4 240
109
(1) (2) (3) (4)
d) Loss of fingers of Right or Left hand ii) Middle fingers
38 Whole 12 720
d) Loss of fingers of Right or Left hand iii) Ring or little finger
42 Whole 7 420
e) Loss of toes of Right or Left Foot i) Great toe
46 Through the metatarsophalangeal joint 5 300
47 Part, with some loss of bone 2 120
110
(1) (2) (3) (4)
e) Loss of toes of Right or Left Foot ii) Any other toe
e) Loss of toes of Right or Left Foot iii) Two toes of one foot excluding great toe
e) Loss of toes of Right or Left Foot iv) Three toes of one foot excluding great toe
e) Loss of toes of Right or Left Foot v) Four toes of one foot excluding great toe
Note: complete and permanent loss of the use of any limb or member referred to in this
111
appendix shall be deemed to be the equivalent of the loss of that limb or member.
[10] Appendix B: Classification of Accidents
B-1:Agency
B-2:Unsafe mechanical or Physical condition
B-3:Unsafe act
B-4: Unsafe personal factor
B-5: Type of accident
B-6: Nature of Injury
B-7: Location of Injury
112
Appendix B: Classification of Accidents(Contid.)
Code No. Particular
B-1. Classification according to agency
(Agency is the object or substance which is most closely associated with the accident
causing the injury and with respect to which adoption of a safety measure could have
prevented the accident)
20 Machines
21 Means of transportation and moving equipment
22 Other equipment
23 Material, Substances and radiation
24 Working Environment
25 Other Agencies- Mining and Tunneling
26 Other Agencies not elsewhere classified
27 Agencies not classified for lack of sufficient data
28 Other Agencies
113
Appendix B: Classification of Accidents(Contd.)
Code No. Particular
B-2. Classification according to unsafe material or physical
conditions
(This identifies the unsafe mechanical or physical conditions or
conditions related to the agency which contributed to the
causation of accident )
10 Improperly guarded agency

20 Defect in agency
30 Hazardous arrangement, procedure, etc in, on or apparel
40 Improper illumination
50 Unsafe dress or apparel
60 Improper ventilation
70 Others
114
Code No. Particular
B-3. Classification according to unsafe act
(This identifies the deviation from the accepted and laid down
safe procedure which contributed to the causation of accident )
10 Operating without authority, failure to secure or warn
20 Operating at unsafe speed
30 Making safety devices inoperative
40 Using unsafe equipment, hand instead of equipment or
equipment unsafely
50 Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining etc
60 Taking unsafe position or posture
70 Others
115
Code No. Particular
B-4. Classification according to unsafe personal factors
(This identifies the anatomical, physiological or psychological
characteristic which permitted or occasional the selected unsafe act )
10 Unsuitable anatomical, physiological or the psychological
characteristic
20 Lack of knowledge or skill
30 Unsuitable mechanical or physical conditions, social
environment etc.
116
Code No. Particular
B-5. Classification according to type of accident
(The type of accident is the manner in which the object or substance causing the injury
comes into contact with the injured persons or the movement of the injured person
which resulted in the injury )
10 Fall of Persons
11 Fall of objects
12 Stepping on, striking against or struck by object Excluding falling
objects
13 Caught in or Between Objects
14 Over-Exertion or Wrong Movements
15 Exposure to or contact with Extreme Temperature
16 Exposure to or contact with Electric Current
17 Exposure to or contact with harmful substances, including radiation
18 Explosions
19 Others
117
Code No. Particular

B-6. Classification according to nature of injury
(This identify the injury in terms of its principal physical
characteristics )
310 Fractures
320 Dislocations
325 Sprain or Strains
330 Concussion and Other Internal Injuries
340 Amputations and Enucleations
341 Other Wounds
350 Superficial Injuries
355 Contusions and Crushing
360 Burns
118
Code No. Particular

B-6. Classification according to nature of injury
(This identify the injury in terms of its principal physical
characteristics )
370 Acute Poisoning
380 Effect of Weather, Exposure and Related Conditions
381 Asphyxia
382 Effect of Electric Current
383 Effect of Radiations
390 Multiple Injuries of Different Nature
399 Other and Unspecified Injuries
119
Code No. Particular

B-7. Classification according to the location of injury
(Location of injury identifies the part of the injured person’s body
directly affected by the injury identified)
41 Head
42 Neck
43 Trunk
44 Upper Limb
45 Lower limb
46 Multiple location
47 General Injuries
49 Unspecified location of Injury
120
[11] IMPORTANCE OF ANALYSIS
 Accident statistics are important to know a
company’s safety performance
 A company’s safety performance can be
compared with –
 its own previous performance, or
 other similar companies in India or abroad
 Set a bench-mark for your company
121
[11] IMPORTANCE OF ANALYSIS (contd.)
 Prepare the statistical data in the form of

various tables and graphs
 FR, SR, FSI, Incidence Rate, etc.
 Safe-T Score
 Tables or graphs showing injuries body part-

wise, department-wise, shift-wise,
contractor-wise, etc.
122
[11] IMPORTANCE OF ANALYSIS (contd.)
SAFETY PROGRAMMES
 Based on accident analysis, make short-
term and long-term safety programmes for
minimising incidents.
 Take necessary measures to implement the
safety programmes.
 Carry out periodic reviews.
123
Source of Information
I. IS: 3786-1983 (First Revision)
II. Indian Labour Statistics
III. National Industrial Classification
124
Thank you
for your attention
* * * * *
125

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Date: 11.08.

 Accident - An Unplanned/undesired event giving rise to death, ill

 Reportable Accident - Where in any factory an accident occurs which

 Injury - It is physical characteristics of the injured

 Disabling Injury - An Injury causing disablement of the

Unsafe Acts - It is a set of actions deviated from

 An Important Element of Accident

Supervisor / Departmental Head to Inform Internally

For taking Appropriate Actions

[A] Introductory Part

[A] Introductory Parts (Nothing to bear

i) Part's of Body Injured

Factory Manager is to intimate/inform to –Statutory

(iv) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

(v) The Hazardous Wastes( Management, Handling &

(vii) The Petroleum Act, 1984 & The Rules, 2002

(viii) The Explosives Act, 1884

Factory Manager to inform to –

 Where in a factory any dangerous occurrence

 Where any worker in a factory contacts any disease

Injury : Bodily injury or dangerous

 Form 25 shall be sent forthwith (but not later than four

 The manager of every factory shall maintain a register

 If accident is not reported it will

responsible for Causation of

 Correlate Statements/ Records/

 Prepare Report (without delay)

Part Content Part Content

I Population Census Economic Data VII Industrial Injuries

II Employment VIII Absenteeism And Labour Turnover

III Employment Service And Training IX Social Security

IV Wages And Earnings X Industrial Disputes

V Price Index Numbers XI Miscellaneous

VI Trade Unions XII International Comparison

No. of working Factories under public sector

No. of Fatal Injuries

0.1 0.1 0.1

3.93 Machinery not moved by Mechanical Power

Hot or Corrosive Substances

Stepping on or Striking against Objects

1.87 Machinery not moved by Mechan-

7.25 8.00 Fires

National Safety Council

 The Indian standard IS-3786 is titled:

 Originally issued in 1966; First revision in 1983

 The Indian standard has two Appendices:

2) Appendix B serves as a guide for Classification of Accidents

 Safety and health programme management

 Safety Performance evaluation indicators are:

 Severity Rate (SR)

Reportable injury, Man-days lost, Safety training, Audit, inspection,

To evaluate the overall To help improve future

III. Disabling Injury (Lost Time Injury)- An injury causing

V. Reportable Disabling Injury (Reportable Lost Time Injury)-

VI. Man-Hours Worked – The total number of employee-hours

VIII.Days of Disablement (Lost Time)- The number of days on

IX. Partial Disablement- This is of two types;

-Disablement of a temporary nature which reduces earning

-Disablement of permanent nature, which reduces his

IX) Partial Disablement-

1.TPD: A fractured finger

2.PPD: Amputated fingers

2.PTD:Loss of both feet / legs

Loss of earning capacity