Emerging Pollutant Definition

Air Pollution

6 Technologies for Improving Urban Area

Hydrogen Production

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Engineering

 1

Emerging pollutants (EPs)

• Synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals

• Are not commonly monitored in the environment

• have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected
adverse ecological and human health effects
 2
Different types of  Environmental Pollutions
emitted directly
from a source
1. Particle Pollution ( PM )
• Air Pollution
2. Ground-level ozone.
3. Carbon monoxide ( CO )
4. Sulfur oxides ( SOx )
5. Nitrogen oxides ( NOx )
• Water Pollution formed in the atmosphere from
6. Lead
a reaction of primary pollutants

• Soil Pollution
 3
Cause and Effects of Air Pollution

Cause Body Effect

•Limits visibility •Eyes, nose and throat irritation
•Decreases UV radiation •Reduced lung capacity and tightness in the
•Yellow/black color over cities chest

•Causes respiratory problems and bronchial It may also worsen conditions of people with:
related deaths •Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
•The Greenhouse Effect •Heart trouble
•Global Warming
•Acid Rain
 4
6 Technologies for Improving Urban Air Quality

Photo-catalytic
materials

Hydrogen
Fuel cells

Air purification
liquid air
Autonomous
vehicles

Gas to
Liquids
 5
Why Hydrogen?

Clean
Efficient
Among the lightest fuels(Not heavy)

Hydrogen combustion generates Water + Heat!

Water can be used in a next cycle!

Source: Hydrogen council

Hydrogen Usage 6
Hydrogen Production 7

To produce oxygen and hydrogen,

the combination of a solar system and
water splitting system is necessary
 Why Solar? 8

Hydrogen Production methods from solar energy

In 2011, 15TW were consumed by

7 billion people. 2050 → 30TW

Source: Hydrogen council

Insulator, Semiconductor and conductor 9

the gap is smaller

and can be
the gap can be Crossed when a
crossed only when photon is absorbed
breakdown condi- ( conductor
tions occur
the gap is smaller
)
and can be crossed
when a photon
is absorbed
Relationship between wavelength and energy band gap for semiconductors 10

C
Eh

h  4.14*1015 eV .s
nm
C  3*1017 3% 50%
s
1242
E 47%

Visible: 1.8 eV < Egap < 3.1 eV

Band Gap

α-Fe2O3 ~ 2.1 eV

BiVO4 ~ 2.4 eV

WO3 ~ 2.7 eV

TiO2 ~ 3.1 eV
 mechanism of hydrogen generation in a 11

PhotoElectroChemical (PEC) cell

P. Lianos, Review of recent trends in photoelectrocatalytic conversion of solar energy to electricity and hydrogen, Appl. Catal. B Environ.
(2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.067; L.J. Minggu
Different Types of PEC cells 12

a) Energy diagrams of water

splitting based on one-step
excitation

b) PEC water splitting using a

photoanode

c) PEC water splitting using a

photocathode

d) PEC water splitting using

photoanode and photocathode
in a tandem configuration