TANKER

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
(TRB 3 – 2018)
Eko B Djatmiko

Departemen Teknik Kelautan

Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
2018
KLASIFIKASI TANKER
Klasifikasi Ukuran
Small Tankers < 10,000 DWT
Handysize Tankers 10,000 – 25,000 DWT
Handymax Tankers 25,000 – 55,000 DWT
Panamax Tankers 55,000 – 80,000 DWT
Aframax Tankers 80,000 – 120,000 DWT
Suezmax Tankers 120,000 – 170,000 DWT
VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) 170,000 – 320,000 DWT
ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier) 320,000 – 550,000 DWT
RANGE UKURAN UTAMA TANKER

2005
RANGE UKURAN UTAMA TANKER

2005
 KONFIGURASI UMUM TANKER
Poop Deck, Ruang
Akomodasi & Navigasi Ruang Pompa Ruang Muat Forecastle Deck

Kamar Mesin Double Bottom

Wing Tank Longitudinal Bulkhead

PENGATURAN RUANG MUAT TANKER

Herbert Engineering Corp. [2012]

APROKSIMASI PANJANG KOMPARTEMEN

LKM LRM-tot LFC

LPoop
LRP
LOA

Panjang Poop (LPoop) ≈ 0.2 LOA Posisi sekat-sekat kompartemen

Panjang Kamar Mesin (LKM) ≈ 0.16 LOA hull harus pada gading;
Jarak gading pada ceruk haluan
Panjang Ruang Pompa (LKM) ≈ 0.02 LOA
dan ceruk buritan lebih kecil dari
Panjang Ruang Muat Total (LRM-tot) ≈ 0.67 LOA jarak gading utama
Panjang Forecastle (LFC) ≈ 0.075 LOA
APROKSIMASI PANJANG TIAP RUANG MUAT

CT-7PS CT-6PS CT-5PS CT-4PS CT-3PS CT-2PS CT-1PS

CT-7SB CT-6SB CT-5SB CT-4SB CT-3SB CT-2SB CT-1SB

lRM

Tanker dengan bulkhead memanjang di centerline dapat mempunyai panjang masing-masing ruang
muat sebesar:

{𝑏𝑖
𝑙 𝑅𝑀 = 0.25 +0.15 𝐿 (m)
𝐵 }
di mana: Catatan:
bi = jarak dari sisi kapal ke sekat memanjang  Tanker kecil umumnya mempunyai 4 atau 5
B = lebar maksimum kapal ruang muat, tanker besar mempunyai 5, 6 atau
L = 96% panjang garis air total pada 85% tinggi geladak bahkan 7 ruang muat
 Penomoran Ruang Muat dimulai dari bagian
depan ke belakang
UKURAN LEBAR WING TANK

1) Tanker dengan ukuran 5,000 DWT atau lebih besar harus

mempunyai ukuran lebar wing tank sbb:
wwt
{
𝑤𝑤𝑡 = 0.5+
𝐷𝑊𝑇
20,000 }
(m )

atau 2.0 m, dipilih yang lebih kecil, tetapi tidak boleh kurang
dari 1.0 m
hdb
2) Tanker dengan ukuran kurang dari 5,000 DWT harus
mempunyai ukuran lebar wing tank sbb:

{
𝑤𝑤𝑡 = 0.4 +
2.4 × 𝐷𝑊𝑇
20,000
(m)}
dengan harga minimum tidak boleh kurang dari 0.76 m
UKURAN TINGGI DOUBLE BOTTOM

1) Tanker dengan ukuran 5,000 DWT atau lebih besar harus

mempunyai tinggi double bottom sbb:

wwt 𝐵
h 𝑑𝑏= (m )
15
atau 2.0 m, dipilih yang lebih kecil, tetapi tidak boleh kurang
dari 1.0 m
hdb
2) Tanker dengan ukuran kurang dari 5,000 DWT harus
mempunyai ukuran lebar wing tank sbb:
𝐵
h 𝑑𝑏= (m )
15
dengan harga minimum tidak boleh kurang dari 0.76 m
PERKIRAAN ABK TANKER
RANK NUMBER IN NUMBER IN
SMALL TANKER LARGE TANKER
Captain 1 1
Chief Engineer 1 1
Chief (Deck) Officer 1 1
1st Deck Officer 1 1
2nd Deck Officer 1 1
3rd Deck Officer 0 1
1st Engine Officer 1 1 Notes:
Captain  1/room
2nd Engine Officer 1 1
Chief Engineer  1/room
3rd Engine Officer 0 1 Chief Officer  1/room
Radio Officers 1 1 1st, 2nd, 3rd Officers  2/room
Radio Officer & Electrician  2/room
Electrician 1 1
Ratings & Electrician  3 or 4/room
Deck Ratings 6~9 9 ~ 12 Chief Cook & Steward  2 or 3/room
Engine Ratings 6~9 9 ~ 12
Chief Cook 1 1
Steward 1 2
TOTAL 23 ~ 29 32 ~ 38
 PENATAAN RUANG BURITAN
Tinggi ruangan: 2.25 ~ 2.40 m
2nd Deckhouse Navigation
Deck

Navigation Deck/Wheelhouse

2nd Deckhouse
Catatan:
1st Deckhouse 1st Deckhouse
Dapat ditambah 1
@ 2 deckhouse lagi
Poop Deck jika diperlukan

Kebutuhan Ruangan:
1. Ruang kantor; 2. Kamar Tidur; 3. Kamar Mandi; Poop Deck
4. WC; 5. Ruang Makan (dibedakan untuk Officers dan
Ratings); 6. Galley (dapur) & Pantry; 7. Hospital;
8. Laundry; 9. Dry Store Room; 10. Refrigerated Store
Room dll
PERKIRAAN LUAS RUANG (1)
Navigation Bridge:
Wheelhouse 30 m2; Chart Room 8 m2; Radio Room 8 m2;

2nd Deck House:

Office 7.5 m2
Captain 16 m2 + bath & WC 4 m2; Chief Engineer 16 m2 + shower & WC 3 m2; Chief (Deck) Officer 14
m2 + shower & WC 3 m2; Other Officers 14 m2 (2 person/room) + shower & WC 3 m2;

1st Deck House :

Office 7.5 m2
Other Officers 14 m2 (2 person/room); Petty Officers 7 m2/pers
Mess Room 1.3 m2 per seat and Deck Pantry 4.5 m2.
Hospital 7 m2 (one berth)
Shower 1.7 m2; WC 1.9 m2; Washbasin 1.4 m2; Urinal 1.0 m2.
PERKIRAAN LUAS RUANG (2)
Poop Deck:
Deck and Engine Ratings 6.5 m2 (2 berth cabins) or 10.5 m2 (4 berth cabins)
Lavatories: Shower 1.7 m2; WC 1.9 m2; Washbasin 1.4 m2; Urinal 1.0 m2.
Mess Room 1.3 m2 per seat
Galley 6.0 m2.
Laundry Room 3.0 m2; Ironing Board 1.0 m2.
Slop Locker 1.5 m2.
Refrigerator Room.
Dry Storage Room
PERKIRAAN LUAS RUANG (3)
Refrigerator Store Room:
Average Vol = 0.04 m3 / person/day
Contoh:
Jumlah crew 30 orang dan supplay bahan makanan beku tiap bulan, maka volume ruang pendingin
yang dibutuhkan (dengan 15% cadangan) adalah: 30 person x 30 day x 0.04 x 0.04 m 3 / person/day x
1.15 = 36 m3;
Jadi bila tinggi deck adalah 2.4 m, maka kebutuhan luas ruang pendingin adalah = 36/2.4 = 15 m 3; 
dapat di alokasikan berukuran 5 m x 3 m (l x b); namun ukuran ini mungkin relative besar untuk FSO.
Jadi bila suplai bisa dilakukan tiap 15 hari sekali, ukuran luas ruang bisa diturunkan menjadi
setengahnya, mis: 3 m x 2.5 m (l x b)
HELICOPTER LANDING
CONTOH GA TANKER
KOMPONEN BERAT TANKER
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡= 𝐿𝑖𝑔h𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 + 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 → ∆=𝐿𝑊𝑇 + 𝐷𝑊𝑇
LIGHTWEIGHT (LWT)
1. Hull Structural Weight (WST)
2. Superstructure Weight (WSST)
3. Main & Auxilliary Machinery Weight (WM)
4. Outfitting Weight (WOT)
5. Electrical Equipment Weight (WE)
DEADWEIGHT (DWT)
1. Cargo Oil Weight (WCO)
2. Fuel Oil Weight (WFO)
3. Lubrication Oil (LO) Weight (WLO)
4. Fresh Water Weight (WFW)
5. Logistic Weight (WLog)
6. Crew & Effect Weight (WCE)
7. Spare Part Weight (WSP)
8. Ballast Water Weight (WBW)
PERKIRAAN RASIO BERAT TANKER
[Papanikolau, 2014]
DWT DWT/∆ (%) WST/WL (%) WOT/WL (%) WM/WL (%)
Tanker 25,000 – 120,000 78–86 73–83 5–12 11–16
Large Tanker 200,000 – 500,000 83–88 75–88 9–13 9–16

Notes:
DWT = Deadweight (ton)
∆ = Displacement (ton)
WL = Light ship weight – LWT (ton)
WST = Weight of steel structure (ton)
WOT = Weight of outfitting (ton)
WM = Weight of machinery installation (ton)
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN LWT (1)
1. Hull Structural Weight [Cudina, 2008]:

(
𝑊 𝑆𝑇 = 1−
𝑓1
100)×
⟨ {𝑓 2 × [ 𝐿 𝑃𝑃 × ( 𝐵 +0.85 𝐷 + 0.15 𝑇 ) ]
1.36
}× { [
1+0.5 × ( 𝐶 𝐵 − 0.7 ) + ( 1 − 𝐶 𝐵 ) ( 0.8 𝐷 − 𝑇
3𝑇 )]}+ 𝑓 3
⟩ (ton)

di mana:
f1 = faktor penurunan berat jika digunakan material high tensile steel (HTS); jika menggunakan
mild steel maka faktor ini diambil sama dengan nol
f2 = faktor empiris untuk tanker, seperti diberikan dalam tabel
f3 = faktor penambahan berat dari bangunan atas = WSST
Klasifikasi Ukuran f2
Small , Handysize & Handymax Tankers < 55,000 DWT 0.0318 ~ 0.0342
Panamax Tankers 55,000 – 80,000 DWT 0.0322 ~ 0.0340
Aframax Tankers 80,000 – 120,000 DWT 0.0305 ~ 0.0327
Suezmax Tankers 120,000 – 170,000 DWT 0.0277 ~ 0.0294
VLCC & ULCC 170,000 – 550,000 DWT 0.025 ~ 0.0265
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN LWT (2)
2. Super Structure Weight [Schneekluth, 1998]:
Weight of Forecastle [Schneekluth, 1998]:
For ships with L ≥ 140 m: CFC ≈ 0.1 t/m3
For ships with L ≈ 120 m: CFC ≈ 0.13 t/m3
Weight of Poop [Schneekluth, 1998]:
The volumetric weight of a poop which extends to
the forward most engine room bulkhead of an engine
room located aft is CPoop = 0.075 t/m3 . A long poop
which covers one hold in addition to the engine room
is around 0.09 t/m3 .
Weight of Deckhouse [Schneekluth, 1998]:
The volumetric weight of a deckhouse is CDH = 0.065 t/m3 .
Weight of Wheelhouse [Schneekluth, 1998]:
The volumetric weight of a wheelhouse is CWH = 0.045 t/m3 .
Catatan:
Berat struktur bangunan atas adalah volume
bangunan atas x koef berat; mis. untuk
poop:
𝑊 𝑆𝑡𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑝 =𝑉 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑝 ×𝑉 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑝 (ton )
Berat struktur bangunan atas total (mis.
dengan komposisi 2 susun deck house di
buritan) adalah:
𝑊 𝑆𝑆𝑇 =𝑊 𝐹𝐶 +𝑊 𝑃𝑜𝑜𝑝 +𝑊 𝐷𝐻 1 +𝑊 𝐷𝐻 2+𝑊 𝑊 𝐻 ( ton)
Perhitungan titik berat masing-masing
komponen bangunan atas harus
diperhitungkan masing-masing secara
terpisah.
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN LWT (3)
3. Main & Auxilliary Machinery Weight [Cudina, 2008]:
Berat mesin induk (dan genset) dapat diperkirakan dengan perhitungan memakai korelasi:

𝑆𝑀𝐶𝑅 × ( 𝑓 4 × 0.0034 ∙ 𝑆𝑀𝐶𝑅 )

𝑊 𝑀= (ton )
7350
di mana:
SMCR = selected maximum continuous rating (daya maximum total) = CSR/(0.85 ~ 0.90) (kW)
CSR = continuous service rating (daya operasi kontinyu) (kW)
f4 = faktor empiris berat mesin (lihat tabel)
Klasifikasi Ukuran f4
Small , Handysize & Handymax Tankers < 55,000 DWT 800 ~ 900
Panamax Tankers 55,000 – 80,000 DWT 850 ~ 900
Aframax Tankers 80,000 – 120,000 DWT 850 ~ 910
Suezmax Tankers 120,000 – 170,000 DWT 850 ~ 910
VLCC & ULCC 170,000 – 550,000 DWT 850 ~ 910
Catatan:
Berat permesinan lain, khususnya pompa dapat dihitung kapasitasnya sesuai kebutuhan head, dan beratnya dapat
diperoleh dari katalog
MENENTUKAN DAYA MOTOR UNTUK POMPA
Daya Pompa Hidrolik = Q (m3/det) x (Hd- Hs) m x sg (kg/m3) x g ( m/det2)

dimana :
Q= Aliran (m3/det)
Hd = Tinggi discharge ( m )
Hs = Tinggi suction ( m )
sg = berat jenis (kg/m3)
g= Percepatan gravitasi bumi (m/det2)

Contoh:
Aliran yang diperlukan Q = 11.5 m3/min = 0.192 m3/det
Total Head = (Hd-Hs) = 14.85 m
sg = 998 kg/m3
g = 9,8 m/det2

Daya Pompa Hidrolik = 0.192 m3/det x 14.85 m x 998 kg/m3 x 9.8 m/det2
=27,886 kg m/det2 m/det = N m/det = Joule/det = Watt = 27.9 kW
Daya Shaft = Daya Hydraulic /Effisiensi pompa
Effisiensi pompa = 0.82
Daya Shaft = 27.9 kW / 0,82 = 34,04 kW
Daya Motor = Daya Shaft / Effisiensi motor
Effisiensi motor = 0.92
Daya Motor = 34.04 kW / 0.92 = 37 kW
Untuk menjaga kehandalan motor sebaiknya dipilih daya motor sekitar 85 %
Daya Motor Maximum = 37 kW / 0.85 = 43.5 kW
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN LWT (4)
4. Outfitting Weight [Cudina, 2008]:
Berat outfitting dapat diperkirakan dengan perhitungan memakai korelasi:

𝑊 𝑂𝑇 =( 𝑓 6 − 𝐿 𝑃𝑃 /1620 ) × 𝐿 𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝐵 + 𝑓 7 (ton )

di mana:
f6 = faktor empiris berat outfitting (lihat tabel)
f7 = berat perlengkapan khusus untuk keperluan tertentu, mis. deck cranes, helicopter platform, dll

Klasifikasi Ukuran F4
Small , Handysize & Handymax Tankers < 55,000 DWT 0.272 ~ 0.308
Panamax Tankers 55,000 – 80,000 DWT 0.278 ~ 0.295
Aframax Tankers 80,000 – 120,000 DWT 0.262 ~ 0.291
Suezmax Tankers 120,000 – 170,000 DWT 0.258 ~ 0.290
VLCC & ULCC 170,000 – 550,000 DWT 0.258 ~ 0.290
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN LWT (5)
5. Electrical Equipment Weight:
• Bila dimungkinkan peralatan listrik serta berat dan distribusinya agar dihitung tersendiri.
• Namun untuk pendekatan awal, sering diasumsikan mesin dan peralatan listrik sudah tercakup
dalam auxilliary machinery dan/atau outfits
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (1)
1. Cargo Oil Weight:
𝑊 𝐶𝑂 =𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 × 𝜌 𝐶𝑂

di mana:
VolCO = volume ruang muat
rCO = massa jenis muatan Crude Oil: mineral oil composed by a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural
origin, with variable density and viscosity
Heavy Crude Oil: type of crude oil that exists in zones such as the Orinoco
The oil products can be classified (Venezuela), the banks of Athabasca (Alberta/Canada) and the banks of
as: Olenik (Siberia/Russia). They have the following characteristics:
White Products: – Density close to or even higher than the water
• Gasoline – High viscosity, can be almost solid at environment temperature
– Can not be produced, carried and refined by the conventional methods
• Petroleum
– Generally they have high content of sulphur and some metals such as the
• Jet-fuel nickel and the vanadium
• Gas oil
In MARPOL Convention: the designation of Heavy Grade Oil (HGO) is
• Aromatics assigned to the following products:
Black Products: – Heavy fuels with density at 15ºC > 900 kg/m3
• Diesel Oils – Fuel Oils with
• Fuel Oils • Density at 15ºC > 900 kg/ m3, or
• Kinematic viscosity at 50ºC > 180 mm2/s
• Asphalts
– Bitumen, tar and its emulsions.
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (2)
2. Fuel Oil Weight:
𝑊 𝐹𝑂 =𝐶𝑅 𝐹𝑂 × 𝐸𝑃 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 Catatan:
1) Mesin induk kapal biasanya memakai Heavy
di mana:
Fuel Oil (HFO)
CRFO = fuel oil consumption rate = 0.18 ~
2) Pada kapal-kapal tertentu juga sering
0.20 kg/kW/h diperlukan BB Diesel Oil (DO) untuk jenis mesin
EP = Engine Power in kW (dalam hal FSO tertentu dan juga BB untuk keperluan boiler
engine berlaku juga untuk genset) atau Boiler Fuel Oil (BFO);
Period = time period of operation (mis. suplai
FO dilakukan tiap bulan, maka periode = 0.935 ~ 0.996 ton/m3
dihitung selama 30 hari = 30 x 24 jam = = 0.86 ~ 0.90 ton/m3
720 jam) = 0.94 ~ 0.96 ton/m3
Jadi berat FO total menjadi:
Kebutuhan Volume Tanki FO:
𝑊 𝐹𝑂 𝑊 𝐹𝑂=𝑊 𝐻 𝐹𝑂 +𝑊 𝐷 𝑂 +𝑊 𝐵 𝐹𝑂
3
𝐹𝑂 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙= ×1.15 (m )
𝜌 𝐹𝑂
3) Tanki bahan bakar ditempatkan di double
 ada tambahan / cadangan 15% bottom kamar mesin
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (3)
3. Lubrication Oil Weight:
𝑊 𝐿𝑂 =0 .03 ×𝑊 𝐹 𝑂

di mana:
WFO = berat bahan bakar total

Kebutuhan Volume Tanki LO:

𝑊 𝐿𝑂 3
𝐿𝑂 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙= × 1.15(m )  ada tambahan / cadangan 15%
𝜌 𝐿𝑂
di mana:
= 0.90 ~ 0.924 ton/m3

Catatan:
Tanki minyak lumas ditempatkan di kamar mesin, bisa di double bottom
atau pada posisi tertentu di kamar mesin
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (4)
4. Fresh Water Weight: Bila diasumsikan jumlah ABK 30 orang dan suplai air
Kebutuhan air bersih kapal terdiri dari: a) Air minum dilakukan tiap 30 hari, maka volume tanki minimum
(3 liter/org/hari) dan saniter (197 liter/org/hari) yang harus tersedia adalah:
untuk ABK  total 200 liter/hari; b) air pendingin 𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑊 −𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.2 × 30 × 30= 180 m 3
mesin; c) air pengisi boiler
Volume tanki total tersebut harus dipisahkan antara
4.1 FW for Crew Weight: tanki air minum (3 lt/org/hr) dan tanki air saniter.

𝑊 𝐹𝑊 =𝜌 𝐹𝑊 × 𝐶𝑅 𝐹𝑊 × 𝑁 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 4.2 & 4.3 FW for Engine Cooling and Boiler:
di mana: Diperkirakan kebutuhannya kurang lebih 60 m3 + 60
CRFW = fresh water consumption rate = 200 l/day m3 , pada tanki yang terpisah.
= 0.2 m3/day
Ncrew = number of ship crew Jadi kebutuhan air bersih total diperkirakan sebesar
300 m3 atau seberat 300 ton, yang didistribusikan
Period = time period of operation (mis. suplai FW
dalam 4 tanki: 1) Tanki air minum (± 3 m 3); 2) Tanki
dilakukan tiap bulan, maka periode dihitung
air saniter (± 177 m3); 3) Tanki air pendingin mesin
rata-rata 30 hari)
(± 60 m3); 4) Tanki air boiler (± 60 m3)
rFW = massa jenis air = 1.0 ton/m3
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (5)
5. Provision (Logistic) Weight:
𝑊 𝐿𝑜𝑔 =𝐶𝑅 𝐿𝑜𝑔 × 𝑁 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 × 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
di mana:
CRLog = logistic consumption rate = 5 kg/day
Ncrew = number of ship crew
Period = time period of operation (mis. suplai FW
dilakukan tiap bulan, maka periode dihitung
rata-rata 30 hari)
Catatan:
1. Kebutuhan logistik, utamanya adalah bahan makanan dan keperluan harian (alat-alat pembersih, dll)
2. Ruang logistik dibagi menjadi ruang pendingin (daging, ikan, buah, sayur, dll) dan ruang kering (beras,
gula, kopi, dll)
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (6)
6. Crew & Effects Weight:
𝑊 𝐶𝐸 =𝐶𝑅 𝐶𝐸 × 𝑁 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
di mana:
CRCE = crew & effects coefficient = 500 kg/person
Ncrew = number of ship crew

Catatan:
1. Crew & effects adalah berat ABK ditambah dengan barang bawaan
2. Crew & effects weight akan terdistribusi pada ruang akomodasi ABK
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (7)
7. Spare Part Weight:
𝑊 𝑆𝑃 =0 .03 ×𝑊 𝑀
di mana:
WM = berat total permesinan

Catatan:
Spare part biasanya ditempatkan di store room dalam kamar mesin
PERHITUNGAN KOMPONEN DWT (8)
8. Ballast Water Weight:
𝑊 𝐵𝑊 =𝜌 𝐵𝑊 ×𝑉𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑊

di mana:
rBW = massa jenis air ballast = massa jenis air laut = 1.025 ton/m3
VolBW = volume tanki air ballast

Catatan:
1. Tanki air ballast dialokasikan pada double bottom dan sebagian wing tank di area muat
2. Ballast water weight akan terdistribusi sesuai dengan posisi tanki-tankinya
3. Pengisian air ballast disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan untuk menjaga sarat air kapal, pada
umumnya saat muatan tidak tidak penuh
REFERENCES
Cudina, P. (2008), “Design Procedure and Mathematical Models in the Concept Design of Tankers and Bulk
Carriers”, Brodo Gradnya, V59, N4, pp. 323-339
Kupras, L. K. (1976), “Optimisation Method and Parametric Design in Precontracted Ship Design”, International
Shipbuilding Progress.
Lamoureux, V.B. (1967), Guide to Ship Sanitation, WHO, Geneva
Papanikolaou (2014), A. Ship Design, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht
Schneekluth, H. and Betram, V. (1998), Ship Design for Efficiency and Economy, 2nd Ed., Butterworth-Heinemann
Strome, K. (20??), Virginia Tech Shuttle Tanker, Ocean Engineering Senior Design Project, Dept. of Aerospace &
Ocean Engg., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA
Watson, D.G.M. and Gilfillan, A.W. (1976), “Some Ship Design Method”, Transaction of RINA
CATATAN PENDUKUNG
PERKIRAAN DISTRIBUSI BERAT STRUKTUR
MEMANJANG KAPAL (1)
PERKIRAAN DISTRIBUSI BERAT STRUKTUR
MEMANJANG KAPAL (2)
PERKIRAAN DISTRIBUSI BERAT STRUKTUR
MEMANJANG KAPAL (3)
PERKIRAAN TINGGI TITIK BERAT TANKER (1)
Menurut Schneekluth & Bertram [1998]:
The height of the centre of mass can be estimated in relation to the depth D or a modified depth DA:
𝛻 𝐴 +𝛻 𝐷𝐻
𝐾𝐺=𝐶 𝐾𝐺 ∙ 𝐷 𝐴 =𝐶 𝐾𝐺 ∙ 𝐷+
𝐿 𝑃𝑃 ∙ 𝐵

is the superstructure volume and the volume of the deckhouses.

is depth corrected to include the superstructure, i.e. the normal depth D increased by an amount
equal to the superstructure volume divided by the deck area.
Values in the literature give the following margins of for tankers 0.52~0.54

Range of height of centres of mass above keel [% height of top-side deck above keel]:
DWT for WST for WO for WM for LWT
Tanker ≥ 25,000 TDW 60–65 80–120 45–55 60–65
PERKIRAAN TINGGI TITIK BERAT TANKER (2)
Equipment [Kupras, 1976]:

Machinery [Watson & Gilfillan, 1976]:

𝐾𝐺𝑀 =h 𝐷𝐵+0.35 ( 𝐷 −h 𝐷𝐵 ) ( m )
di mana:
L = panjang kapal
D = tinggi geladak kapal
hDB = tinggi double bottom di ruang mesin
OUTFITTINGS
Group 2: Structure Related: Group 3. Cargo Space Related Outfitting:
• structural castings or fabrications (sternframe, • cargo insulation and refrigeration machinery
rudder, etc.) – • cargo ventilation
• small castings or fabrications (bollards, fairleads) • firefighting
• steel hatch covers • paint
• watertight doors • cargo fittings, sparring, ceiling eyeplates, etc.
• plumberwork
Group 4. Accommodation Related:
• joinerwork Group 5. Deck Machinery:
• upholstery • steering gear
• deck coverings • bow and stem thrusters
• sidelights and windows • stabilisers
• galley gear • anchoring and mooring machinery
• lifts • anchors, cables and mooring ropes
• HVAC • cargo winches, derricks and rigging
• LSA(lifeboats, davits, etc.) • cranes
• nautical instruments
• stores and sundries Catatan:
• electrical work Group 1 adalah hull structure
MAIN & AUXILLIARY MACHINERIES
Group 6. Propulsion Machinery: Group 7. Auxiliary Machinery:
• main engine(s) • generators
• main engine lubricating oil and water • compressors
• main engine control systems • boilers
• gearing • heat exchangers
• shafting and bearings, etc. • purifiers
• propeller(s) • pumps
• pipework
Group 8. Structure Related: • lubricating oil and water in auxiliary machinery
• floorplatesJadders and gratings and systems
• engineers tanks • cranes, workshop plant, spare gear
• uptakes
• vents
• funnel
Data Virginia Tech Shuttle Tanker Tanker [Strome et al., 20??]
VARIASI DAN BERAT FURNITURE