SUBSTATION DESIGN

COURSE

LVAC
DISTRIBUTION
INDEX
1. LVAC DISTRIBUTION ARCHITECTURE
2. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
3. LVAC SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
4. AUXILIARY TRANSFOMER / DG SET SIZING
5. BATTERY AND BATTERY CHARGER SIZING
6. DIFFERENT TYPES OF MCB AND MCCBs
LVAC DISTRIBUTION
METHODOLOGY
MCB & M
CCBs SE
LECTION
AUXILI
A
SET & B RY TRANSFOR
A M
CHARG TTERY AND BA ER, DG
ER SIZIN TTERY
G
N
PREPARATIO DIAGRAM
E
SINGLE LIN
Y ANALYSIS
RELIABILIT
DISTRIBUTI
ON
 IEEE 493

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS
failure rate (λ): The mean (arithmetic average) is the number of failures of a component and/or system
per unit exposure time. The most common unit in reliability analyses is hours (h) or years (y).
Therefore, the failure rate is expressed in failures per hour (f/h) or failures per year (f/y)
Inherent availability (Ai): The instantaneous probability that a component or system will be up or
down. Ai considers only downtime for repair to failures. No logistics time, preventative maintenance,
etc., is included.
mean time between failures (MTBF): The mean exposure time between consecutive failures of a
component.
mean time between maintenance (MTBM): The average time between all maintenance events,
scheduled and unscheduled, and also includes any associated logistics time.
mean time to repair (MTTR or simply r): The mean time to replace or repair a failed component.
Logistics time associated with the repair, such as parts acquisitions, crew mobilization, are not
included. It can be estimated by dividing the summation of repair times by the number of repairs and,
therefore, is practically the average repair time. The most common unit in reliability analyses is hours
(h/f).
DATA NEEDED FOR SYSTEM RELIABILITY EVALUATIONS

The data needed for quantitative evaluations of system reliability depend

to some extent on the nature of the system being studied and the detail
of the study.
In general, however, data on the performance of individual components
together with the times required to perform repair and/or replacement
actions and the times for various switching operations are summarized
as follows:
a) Failure rates (forced outage rates) associated with different modes of
component failure
b) Expected (average) time to repair or replace failed component
c) Scheduled (maintenance) outage rate of component
d) Expected (average) duration of a scheduled outage event
 RELIABILITY
OF ELECTRIC
UTILITY POWER
SUPPLIES TO
INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS
 FAILURE MODES OF CIRCUIT
BREAKERS—PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
FAILURES
(TF) IN EACH FAILURE MODE
EXAMPLE
INSTALLED COST
The following common cost factors were assumed:

10 h/failure—Plant start-up time after a failure, s

$22,000/h—Revenues lost per hour of plant
downtime, gp
$16,000/h—Variable expenses saved per hour of
plant downtime, xp
$55,000/failure—Variable expenses incurred per
failure, xi
0.4 per year—Fixed investment charge factor, F
ANY
QUERIES